Research Article
Associated Biochemical and Hematological Markers in COVID-19 Severity Prediction
Table 1
Sociodemographic and other laboratory investigations with the prognosis of COVID-19.
| Parameters | Mild (N = 101) | Moderate/severe (N = 90) | value |
| Demographic characteristics | Gender | Male | 61 (60.4%) | 53 (58.9%) | | Female | 40 (39.6%) | 37 (41.1%) | | Age (years) | 50.08 ± 17.10 | 60.31 ± 17.35 | 0.001 | Comorbidities | CKD | 18 (17.8%) | 40 (44.4%) | 0.001 | HTN | 11 (10.9%) | 20 (22.2%) | 0.034 | DM | 32 (31.7%) | 41 (45.6%) | 0.049 | COPD | 2 (2.0%) | 20 (22.2%) | 0.001 | Anemia | 17 (16.8%) | 29 (32.2%) | | Pneumonia | 2 (2.0%) | 11 (12.2%) | 0.005 | Hematological parameters | Hb (gm/dl) | 12.7 ± 2.7 | 11.5 ± 2.5 | 0.001 | Total WBC count (cells/cumm) | 6418.8 ± 2586.9 | 9177.8 ± 4829.9 | 0.001 | Neutrophil count (%) | 70.7 ± 12.5 | 82.5 ± 9.7 | 0.001 | Lymphocyte count (%) | 24.6 ± 11.6 | 13.9 ± 8.4 | 0.001 | Monocyte count (%) | 3.5 ± 2.2 | 3.5 ± 10.4 | 0.965 | Eosinophil count (%) | 1.3 ± 1.2 | 1.3 ± 4.3 | 0.959 | Platelets count (cells/cumm) | 216603 ± 83486 | 217577 ± 82925 | 0.936 | PCV (%) | 38.1 ± 7.9 | 31.9 ± 7.5 | 0.14 | RBC count (cells/cumm) | 4.3 ± 0.9 | 3.96 ± 0.9 | 0.001 | NLR | 3.3 (1.9–5) | 6.9 (4.4–11.4) | 0.001 | LMR | 7.3 (5–11) | 5.7 (3.1–9.5) | 0.017 | PLR | 8750 (6242–12398) | 18437 (10269–28380) | 0.001 | LCR | 0.6 (0.2–2.5) | 0.1 (0.056–0.25) | 0.001 | Biochemical parameters | Urea (mg/dl) | 26 (20–39) | 49 (28–99.2) | 0.001 | Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.0 (0.85–1.3) | 1.3 (1–4.3) | 0.001 | Sodium (mEq/L) | 136 ± 4.6 | 135.7 ± 6.4 | 0.631 | Potassium (mEq/L) | 3.9 ± 0.5 | 4.1 ± 0.7 | 0.03 | ALT (U/L) | 30 (20.5–45) | 50 (27.7–77) | 0.001 | AST (U/L) | 32 (24–50) | 47.5 (32–70.5) | 0.001 | ALP (U/L) | 84.9 ± 39.9 | 90.2 ± 33.3 | 0.325 | Total bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.454 | Direct bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.2 (0.2–0.3) | 0.2 (0.2–0.3) | 0.247 | Ferritin (ng/ml) | 409 (268.3–623.5) | 945 (474.8–1530) | 0.001 | LDH (U/L) | 500 (384–662.5) | 870 (533.5–1200.2) | 0.001 | CRP (mg/dl) | 39 (13–84.4) | 136.5 (93.7–188.5) | 0.001 | D-dimer (ng/ml) | 0.45 (0.2–0.8) | 1.95 (1.0–5.7) | 0.001 |
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CKD: chronic kidney disease; HTN: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Hb: hemoglobin; PCV: packed cell volume; ALT: alanine transferase; AST: aspartate transferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; CRP: C-reactive protein; NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; LMR: lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio; PLR: platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; LCR: lymphocyte-to-CRP ratio. value indicates the level of significance. |