Influence of Microalloying Process on Dynamic Mechanical Relaxation of ZrCo-Based Amorphous Alloy

Romero Parra, Rosario Mireya; Patra, Indrajit; Fahim, Fatima Safaa; Izzat, Samar Emad; Hammid, Ali Thaeer; Razavinejad, Saeed

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5168629

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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Structural Characteristics, Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability of Bulk Metallic Glasses

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 5168629 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5168629

Influence of Microalloying Process on Dynamic Mechanical Relaxation of ZrCo-Based Amorphous Alloy

Rosario Mireya Romero Parra,¹Indrajit Patra,^1,2Fatima Safaa Fahim,³Samar Emad Izzat,⁴Ali Thaeer Hammid,⁵and Saeed Razavinejad⁶

Academic Editor: Majid Samavatian

Received27 May 2022

Revised01 Aug 2022

Accepted08 Aug 2022

Published13 Sept 2022

Abstract

In this study, the dynamic mechanical spectroscopy was used to characterize the effects of minor Ni addition on the relaxation behavior of ZrCoAl bulk metallic glass (BMG). For this purpose, the Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts (KWW) function and quasi-point defect (QPD) model were used for evaluation of relaxation under the different aging temperatures. The results indicated that the Ni addition shifted the relaxation process to the higher temperatures. Moreover, the estimations showed that the activation energy of relaxation was 5.951 eV and 6.205 eV for ZrCoAl and ZrCoAlNi, respectively. It was also revealed that the microalloying process enhanced the structural defects in the system and led to the improvement of dynamic heterogeneity in the BMG. Comparing the physical models, it is suggested that a small change in the structural defects intensifies the dynamic heterogeneity in the material.

1. Introduction

Owing to their amorphous structure, bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) exhibit unique rheological and mechanical properties, opening up many possibilities to apply them in advanced engineering systems [1–4]. However, despite their crystalline counterparts, BMGs show complex relaxation behaviors making it necessary to precisely evaluate their glassy microstructure [5–8]. Among several techniques, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is one of the efficient methods for identification and study of mechanical relaxation in the glassy alloys [9–12]. The studies indicated that the mechanical spectroscopy can reveal the dynamic relaxation of BMGs under different states such as rejuvenation, annealing, thermal variations, and compositional changes [13–16]. Among them, the role of minor addition on the dynamic relaxation of amorphous alloys can be easily analyzed through the DMA experiment [17–19]. To provide some examples, Tao et al. [20] indicated that the minor addition of Dy into the ZrCuAl BMG improved the structural heterogeneity and intensified the dynamic relaxation in the glassy system. Raya et al. [21] applied DMA to conduct strain-rate jump test for ZrCoAl(Si) BMGs. Their results demonstrated that the Si microalloying process weakened the sensitivity of amorphous alloy to the flow stresses and enhanced the structural stability under the rise of temperature and strain rate. Using the DMA method, Xu et al. [22] found that the addition of 10 at.% Nb into the CuZr glassy alloy improved the relaxation enthalpy through the change of local atomic movement from a smaller region to a larger region. In another work, Qiao et al. [23] reported that the Fe addition into the ZrCuAlNi BMG led to decrement of Kohlrausch exponent and increase of characteristic relaxation time. Liu et al. [14] unveiled that the proper addition of Co and Cu into the LaCeAl glassy alloy intensified the secondary β relaxation and increased the glass transition temperature. The effects of Al and Nb microalloying process on the dynamic relaxation of Zr₂₀Cu₂₀Ni₂₀Ti₂₀Hf₂₀ high-entropy BMG were also evaluated through the mechanical spectroscopy [24]. The results unveiled that the activation energy of β relaxation for the Nb-added BMG was significantly higher, which was derived from the generation of severe chemical heterogeneity in the atomic structure. In another study, it was found that the Pd addition into the ZrCuAgAl BMG retarded the relaxation dynamics, which was indicative of defect-concentration reduction in the structure [25]. Previously, it was found that the Ni addition enhanced the total negative heat of mixing and changed the atomic arrangement and population of clusters in the ZrCoAl system, leading to the improvement of glass forming ability and structural heterogeneity [26]. Hence, it is concluded that the Ni element can be a proper minor addition for identification of dynamic response in the ZrCoAl MGs. In the current research, we aimed to focus on the characterization of dynamic relaxation evolution in a ZrCoAl BMG and indicate the importance of Ni microalloying process on the mechanical response of the glassy alloy in different conditions.

2. Experimental Procedure

In this study, (Zr₆₂Co₂₈Al₁₀)_100-XNi_X (X = 0, 3 at.%) alloying compositions were considered for the fabrication. The negative heat of mixing for Ni-Al and Ni-Zr pairs is -22 kJ/mol and -49 kJ/mol [26], respectively, indicating that the Ni addition may improve the total heat of mixing and the structural disordering in the system. The mentioned alloys were firstly prepared by arc-melting process under the pure argon atmosphere. It should be noted that each master alloy was re-melted four times to obtain a homogenous chemical composition. Afterwards, the copper-mold suction casting was applied to fabricate BMGs in the form of plate samples with dimensions of 40 mm 10 mm 2 mm. To ensure the amorphousness of prepared samples, X-ray diffraction (XRD-Ultima IV) analysis was carried out at room temperature in the range of 2θ = 25–90°. To characterize the thermal features of samples, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, TA instruments, 2500) was conducted under a high-purity dry argon environment with heating/cooling rates of 20 K/min. The measurement of relaxation enthalpy was carried out through the heating of sample beyond the glass transition temperature. After that a cooling process was performed to the room temperature. This cooling process was followed by a reheating stage with the identical heating rate. By subtracting the first and second thermal curves, the relaxation region is detected, which is consistent with the enthalpy of relaxation for samples. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA-Q800) was also performed in order to study the mechanical relaxation behavior of BMGs as function of frequency and temperature. This experiment was done under a protective atmosphere and different frequency and temperature ranges. From the attained data, the important parameters such as loss modulus (E″) and storage modulus (E′) were calculated [27]. The loss modulus is a criterion for evaluation of energy dissipation in an elastic excitation, while storage modulus is indicative of material ability to store energy elastically [28].

3. Results and Discussion

Figure 1(a) represents the XRD patterns of ZrCoAl and ZrCoAlNi samples with 2θ = 25–90°. The results indicated that the XRD patterns included a broad peak with a smooth shoulder, implying the amorphous nature of samples. The DSC curves of samples are also given in Figure 1(b). As observed, the supercooled liquid range (ΔT_x = T_x − ) in the ZrCoAl and Ni-added samples is 24 K and 32 K, respectively. The supercooled liquid range is a criterion for thermal stability and shows how easily a glassy alloy can be obtained after solidification. The enthalpy of relaxation is measured about 0.43 kJ/mol and 0.48 kJ/mol for the ZrCoAl and Ni-added samples, respectively. It is concluded that the minor Ni addition not only improves the thermal stability and glass formation but also is a key factor for the enhancement of stored energy in the atomic structure.

(a)

(b)

To characterize the relaxation processes, the dynamic mechanical response of samples was measured in a wide range of temperature under the heating rate of 5 K/min and driving frequency of 1 Hz. Figure 2(a) represents the normalized E″ and E′ values for the ZrCoAl sample, while the loss factor (tanδ = E″/E′) for both of BMGs is given in Figure 2(b). According to the results, three distinct regions can be detected in the mechanical relaxation curve of ZrCoAl sample. At the first region (300 K–600 K), the loss modulus is low while the storage modulus is in its maximum state. In the temperature range of 600 K–730 K, the loss and storage moduli show the sharp increasing and decreasing trends, respectively. This event is associated to the β and α relaxations, occurring under the glass transition temperature [29, 30]. Finally, the contradictory behavior of moduli above 770 K is correlated to the nucleation and growth of crystals in the microstructure [25]. Using loss factor, it is possible to find out how the Ni microalloying process can change the relaxation behavior of ZrCoAl BMG. As given in Figure 2(b), the minor Ni addition leads to intensification of loss factor; however, a shift is detected in the peak of loss factor to the higher temperature, which is consistent with the DSC results in which the exothermic peak moves to the higher temperature for the Ni-added sample. There are also some published works showing the effects of minor addition on the deferment and intensification of relaxations in the glassy structures [9, 23, 31]. The intensification of relaxation is due to the increase of atomic mobility and free volumes.

(a)

(b)

The evaluation of mechanical relaxation on the different driving frequencies also gives important information about the activation energy of relaxation processes in the samples. As illustrated in Figure 3, the rise in the driving frequency leads to the shift of α-relaxation peak to the higher temperatures for both samples; however, it is more pronounced in the ZrCoAlNi alloy. Using equation (1), it is feasible to calculate the activation energy of α relaxation [25]:in which the driving force and preexponential factor are introduced by f and f₀, respectively. Moreover, K_B and E_α define Boltzmann’s constant and the activation energy of main relaxation in the system. As plotted in the insets, the fitted line of logarithm of frequency as a function of reciprocal of peak temperature represents the estimated value of activation energy for the BMGs. The estimations showed that the E_α value was 5.951 eV and 6.205 eV for ZrCoAl and ZrCoAlNi, respectively.

(a)

(b)

The physical aging below the glass transition temperature was also conducted to characterize the thermal features of samples. Figure 4 illustrates the normalized E′ as a function of aging time under the driving frequency of 1 Hz for ZrCoAlNi BMG. Using equation (2), it is possible to describe the evolution of storage modulus in the system [32]:in which τ_a and τ_b are constants at the certain temperature and β_c is correlated to the rate of flow-unit annihilation in the aging process. The parameter “A” also introduces the normalized storage modulus in an infinite aging time. The results indicated that the β_c value is 0.241, 0.312, 0.386, and 0.401 at the annealing temperature of 0.90 0.92, 0.94, and 0.96, respectively. Hence, it is concluded that the rise in annealing temperature accelerates the rate of flow-unit annihilation in the structure. Moreover, it is suggested that the sub-Tg annealing treatment stabilizes the amorphous structure at the lower energy levels without formation of any crystals in the material [33]. The Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts (KWW) function was applied to define the internal friction of BMGs [34]:where t_a introduces the aging time and β_aging is the KWW exponent describing the level of dynamic heterogeneity. β_aging parameter is in the range of 0-1, and it shows the intensified dynamic heterogeneity when it is in the minimum value [34]. The trends of tanδ as a function of annealing time with the driving force of 1 KHz for both samples are given in Figure 5. For ZrCoAlNi sample, β_aging declines with the rise of annealing temperature. On the other hand, ZrCoAl shows β_aging decreasing trend above the annealing temperature of 0.92. This means that both samples include a high dynamic heterogeneity at higher annealing temperatures. According to the previous works, β_aging dependency on the annealing temperature is different in the amorphous alloys [35, 36]. In addition to the chemical composition, it is strongly suggested that the initial energy state of alloys plays a crucial role in the improvement of dynamic heterogeneity at higher annealing temperatures [9]. In this work, it is also found that the minor Ni addition enhances the intensification of dynamic heterogeneity at high annealing temperature. As indicated in Figure 4, the initial state of storage modulus is in the same value for different annealing temperatures; however, it shows a temperature dependency with the increase of aging time. Moreover, the storage modulus is stabilized when the aging time exceeds from a certain value. On the other hand, Figure 5 indicates that the loss factor exhibited a decreasing trend with the rise of aging time. According to previous studies, the distribution of loosely and densely packed regions in the structure of amorphous alloys is responsible for the dynamic heterogeneity [37]. The loosely packed regions are also identified as the free volumes frozen under the quenching treatment [38]. These regions are potential sites for the generation of plastic deformation and can change the relaxation behavior of amorphous alloys [39]. The free volume also plays a significant role in the atomic mobility, elastic moduli, and mechanical properties of MGs [40]. Based on Figures 4 and 5, the trends of loss factor and storage modulus of samples imply that the atomic mobility decreases at higher temperatures. Moreover, it is believed that with the increase of aging time, the free volumes are annihilated and the densely packed regions are prevailed in the system, leading to structural relaxation and increment of storage modulus; however, the material reaches an equilibrium state at long aging time, meaning that the rates of free volume annihilation and creation become identical.

(a)

(b)

The BMG samples were also evaluated through the isothermal frequency scanning method. Figures 6(a) and 6(b) illustrate the trend of normalized storage and loss moduli of ZrCoAlNi as a function of applied frequency. The results demonstrated that the decline of storage modulus is consistent with the decrease of frequency and increase of temperature, respectively. On the other hand, a peak is detected in the curves of loss modulus, shifting to the higher frequencies with the rise of temperature. It is believed that the peak is associated to α relaxation. An empirical function was also proposed by Williams and Watts [41] to characterize α relaxation in the amorphous systems:in which L_iω and τ_α are Laplace transform and the primary relaxation time, respectively. ΔE_α introduces the relaxation strength and φα (t, τα) is the empirical dielectric decay function. Moreover, another relaxation equation with few fitting parameters was proposed by Bergman [42]:where E_p and ω_p are normalized loss modulus and frequency at the potential peak (see Figure 7). As previously described, β_KWW is indicative of dynamic heterogeneity in the system so that with the increase of the exponent value from 0 to 1, the dynamic heterogeneity pales into insignificance in the microstructure. According to Figure 7, β_KWW values of the master curves for ZrCoAl and ZrCoAlNi are 0.502 and 0.493, respectively, showing the effects of Ni addition on the improvement of dynamic heterogeneity in the BMG. The figure also confirms that the experimental data are fitted by equation (5) at the peaks; however, there exist some deviations in the high-frequency part of the curves. Figure 7 also shows that the exponent is in the range of 0.5, as also reported in other works related to glassy alloys [43]. For evaluation of dynamic mechanical behavior of MGs, it is also possible to apply the theory of quasi-point defects (QPDs) [44]. In this theory, the defect concentration of glassy structure is quantified and correlated to the normalized loss modulus:

(a)

(b)

By fitting the loss modulus-frequency curve, it is possible to obtain correlation factor (χ), numerical factor (λ), and global characteristics time (τ) for the samples. The correlation factor (χ) is indicative of concentration of quasi-point defects in the system and it stands between 0 and 1. At χ = 1, the material shows the state of an ideal gas, while a perfect crystal has a minimum correlation factor (χ = 0). Figure 8 shows the fitted data of loss modulus-frequency based on the QPD model. According to the results, the correlation factor is 0.417 and 0.431 for ZrCoAl and ZrCoAlNi samples, respectively. This means that the Ni addition may increase the defect concentration and lead to the rise of loss modulus in the glassy alloy, which is consistent with the data fitted by the Bergman equation (see Figure 7). In general, it is believed that the increase in dynamic heterogeneity is accompanied with the generation and distribution of loosely packed structure and intensifies the structural defects in the system. However, one should note that the rate of dynamic heterogeneity improvement and defect generation is not similar. As can be seen in Figure 9, the relative variation of β_KWW is sharper than χ parameter with the increase of temperature. This implies that it is possible to improve the dynamic heterogeneity through a small introduction of defects, i.e., free volumes, into the system. As a topological point of view, it was found that the Ni addition into the ZrCoAl MGs leads to the rise in types of atomic clusters, i.e., short range orders, stabilizing the liquid and glass formation [26]. However, one should note that the increase of cluster types is a main reason for generation of nanoscale defects in the structure, leading to the improvement of heterogeneity. This event was also reported in other works. For instance, the minor addition of Ni and Co in the LaGa-based MGs leads to the shift of relaxation peak to higher temperatures, while the peak becomes more pronounced [45]. It was also reported that the minor Gd addition in the CuZr-based MG intensifies the boson peaks in the thermographs and improves the structural heterogeneity [46].

4. Conclusions

In this study, the mechanical relaxation behaviors of BMGs with alloying compositions of ZrCoAl and ZrCoAlNi were investigated in detail. The main outcomes are as follows:(i)The minor Ni addition not only improved the thermal stability but also enhanced the enthalpy of relaxation. Moreover, it was found that the relaxation event was retarded in the Ni-added sample.(ii)The DMA results indicated that the Ni addition generated the loosely packed structure and enhanced the dynamic heterogeneity in the amorphous alloy.(iii)The fitted data of loss modulus-frequency based on the QPD model show that the correlation factor is 0.417 and 0.431 for ZrCoAl and ZrCoAlNi samples, respectively. This means that the Ni addition may increase the defect concentration and lead to the rise of loss modulus in the glassy alloy, which is consistent with that resulting from the KWW model.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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