Yalin Lu

Hiroshi Murata

Chang-Qing Xu

Progress in Domain-Engineered Photonics Materials

The detection of an optical signal modulated at 15 GHz was demonstrated experimentally by using difference frequency generation based on a second-order nonlinear optical effect in a periodically poled <svg style="vertical-align:-3.3907pt;width:49.349998px;" id="M2" height="15.825" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 49.349998 15.825" width="49.349998" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.538)"><use xlink:href="#x4C" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,9.293,11.538)"><use xlink:href="#x69" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.848,11.538)"><use xlink:href="#x54" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,22.79,11.538)"><use xlink:href="#x61" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.252,11.538)"><use xlink:href="#x4F" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,42.95,15.613)"><path id="x33" d="M285 378v-2q65 -13 102 -54.5t37 -97.5q0 -57 -30.5 -104.5t-74 -75t-85.5 -42t-72 -14.5q-31 0 -59.5 11t-40.5 23q-19 18 -16 36q1 16 23 33q13 10 24 0q58 -51 124 -51q55 0 88 40t33 112q0 64 -39 96.5t-88 32.5q-29 0 -64 -11l-6 29q77 25 118 57.5t41 84.5&#xA;q0 45 -26.5 69.5t-68.5 24.5q-67 0 -120 -79l-20 20l43 63q51 56 127 56h1q66 0 107 -37t41 -95q0 -42 -31 -71q-22 -23 -68 -54z" /></g></svg> microwave rectangular waveguide.  The measured frequency dependence of the generated microwave signal was in good agreement with the theoretically expected result.  An interesting application of the proposed device is the detection of high-speed optical clock detection.

Yasuyuki Okamura

Detection of an Optical Signal Using Difference Frequency Generation in a Periodically Poled <svg style="vertical-align:-3.40982pt" height="15.85" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 49.587502 15.85" width="49.587502" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.537)"><path id="x4C" d="M495 163l30 -6q-19 -99 -36 -157h-453v28q63 5 77.5 20t14.5 78v400q0 63 -13 77t-75 19v28h261v-28q-61 -5 -74.5 -19t-13.5 -77v-395q0 -41 5 -59t18 -25q24 -13 96 -13q85 0 112 31q30 33 51 98z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,9.293,11.537)"><path id="x69" d="M135 536q-20 0 -35 15.5t-15 35.5q0 22 15 37t36 15t35.5 -15t14.5 -37q0 -21 -15 -36t-36 -15zM252 0h-220v26q48 5 59 17t11 63v206q0 47 -9 58t-54 18v24q78 12 142 39v-345q0 -51 11.5 -63t59.5 -17v-26z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.848,11.537)"><path id="x54" d="M592 498l-30 -3q-13 63 -31 89q-13 19 -33.5 25.5t-75.5 6.5h-70v-493q0 -60 16 -75.5t86 -19.5v-28h-286v28q68 4 83.5 19.5t15.5 75.5v493h-62q-60 0 -83 -7t-33 -24q-12 -17 -32 -90h-29q10 116 12 180h20q10 -16 21 -20.5t34 -4.5h395q19 0 28.5 5t21.5 20h21&#xA;q2 -89 11 -177z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,22.79,11.537)"><path id="x61" d="M433 39l-85 -51q-27 0 -47 20q-16 16 -24 44q-5 -3 -24 -16.5t-27 -18.5t-23 -13.5t-25 -12t-19 -3.5q-52 0 -86 36.5t-34 85.5q0 71 81 99q128 43 155 65v17q0 54 -23 83.5t-62 29.5q-28 0 -45 -19t-29 -66q-7 -23 -29 -23q-15 0 -29 13t-14 30t31 40q25 19 68.5 40.5&#xA;t81.5 29.5q49 0 82 -27q45 -39 45 -123v-185q0 -60 35 -60q18 0 36 11zM275 84v156q-12 -6 -49 -23t-41 -19q-31 -14 -46 -31t-15 -43q0 -35 22.5 -55.5t48.5 -20.5q19 0 42 10.5t38 25.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.252,11.537)"><path id="x4F" d="M381 665q131 0 226.5 -93t95.5 -239q0 -158 -96 -253t-238 -95q-137 0 -231 95t-94 238q0 142 92.5 244.5t244.5 102.5zM359 629q-89 0 -151 -74.5t-62 -208.5q0 -141 69 -233t175 -92q90 0 150.5 74t60.5 211q0 152 -69 237.5t-173 85.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,42.95,15.613)"><path id="x1D7D1" d="M58 524l-21 12q80 152 229 152q73 0 119 -41q45 -41 45 -96q0 -40 -21.5 -74.5t-62.5 -52.5q57 -20 89.5 -68.5t32.5 -109.5q0 -110 -86 -185t-214 -75q-69 0 -110.5 24.5t-41.5 65.5q0 26 18.5 43t46.5 17q45 0 96 -57q39 -43 79 -43q45 0 71.5 34t26.5 88q0 75 -49 121&#xA;q-25 23 -56 39q-34 17 -97 38v17q69 21 100 53t31 78q0 103 -99 103q-40 0 -69.5 -19t-56.5 -64z" /></g></svg> Microwave Waveguide

Optical waveguides were fabricated on z-cut stoichiometric  <svg style="vertical-align:-3.3907pt;width:49.349998px;" id="M2" height="15.825" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 49.349998 15.825" width="49.349998" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.538)"><use xlink:href="#x4C" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,9.293,11.538)"><use xlink:href="#x69" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.848,11.538)"><use xlink:href="#x54" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,22.79,11.538)"><use xlink:href="#x61" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.252,11.538)"><use xlink:href="#x4F" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,42.95,15.613)"><use xlink:href="#x33" /></g></svg> (SLT) by using the proton-exchange method. The surface index change for the extraordinary ray on the SLT 
                    substrate resulting from the proton exchange was 0.017, which coincided well with congruent 
 <svg style="vertical-align:-3.3907pt;width:49.349998px;" id="M3" height="15.825" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 49.349998 15.825" width="49.349998" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.538)"><use xlink:href="#x4C" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,9.293,11.538)"><use xlink:href="#x69" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.848,11.538)"><use xlink:href="#x54" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,22.79,11.538)"><use xlink:href="#x61" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.252,11.538)"><use xlink:href="#x4F" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,42.95,15.613)"><use xlink:href="#x33" /></g></svg> substrates.  The proton exchange coefficient in the SLT was 
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Fabrication of Proton-Exchange Waveguide Using Stoichiometric <svg style="vertical-align:-3.39069pt" height="15.825" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 49.349998 15.825" width="49.349998" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.538)"><path id="x4C" d="M495 163l30 -6q-19 -99 -36 -157h-453v28q63 5 77.5 20t14.5 78v400q0 63 -13 77t-75 19v28h261v-28q-61 -5 -74.5 -19t-13.5 -77v-395q0 -41 5 -59t18 -25q24 -13 96 -13q85 0 112 31q30 33 51 98z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,9.293,11.538)"><path id="x69" d="M135 536q-20 0 -35 15.5t-15 35.5q0 22 15 37t36 15t35.5 -15t14.5 -37q0 -21 -15 -36t-36 -15zM252 0h-220v26q48 5 59 17t11 63v206q0 47 -9 58t-54 18v24q78 12 142 39v-345q0 -51 11.5 -63t59.5 -17v-26z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.848,11.538)"><path id="x54" d="M592 498l-30 -3q-13 63 -31 89q-13 19 -33.5 25.5t-75.5 6.5h-70v-493q0 -60 16 -75.5t86 -19.5v-28h-286v28q68 4 83.5 19.5t15.5 75.5v493h-62q-60 0 -83 -7t-33 -24q-12 -17 -32 -90h-29q10 116 12 180h20q10 -16 21 -20.5t34 -4.5h395q19 0 28.5 5t21.5 20h21&#xA;q2 -89 11 -177z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,22.79,11.538)"><path id="x61" d="M433 39l-85 -51q-27 0 -47 20q-16 16 -24 44q-5 -3 -24 -16.5t-27 -18.5t-23 -13.5t-25 -12t-19 -3.5q-52 0 -86 36.5t-34 85.5q0 71 81 99q128 43 155 65v17q0 54 -23 83.5t-62 29.5q-28 0 -45 -19t-29 -66q-7 -23 -29 -23q-15 0 -29 13t-14 30t31 40q25 19 68.5 40.5&#xA;t81.5 29.5q49 0 82 -27q45 -39 45 -123v-185q0 -60 35 -60q18 0 36 11zM275 84v156q-12 -6 -49 -23t-41 -19q-31 -14 -46 -31t-15 -43q0 -35 22.5 -55.5t48.5 -20.5q19 0 42 10.5t38 25.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.252,11.538)"><path id="x4F" d="M381 665q131 0 226.5 -93t95.5 -239q0 -158 -96 -253t-238 -95q-137 0 -231 95t-94 238q0 142 92.5 244.5t244.5 102.5zM359 629q-89 0 -151 -74.5t-62 -208.5q0 -141 69 -233t175 -92q90 0 150.5 74t60.5 211q0 152 -69 237.5t-173 85.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,42.95,15.613)"><path id="x33" d="M285 378v-2q65 -13 102 -54.5t37 -97.5q0 -57 -30.5 -104.5t-74 -75t-85.5 -42t-72 -14.5q-31 0 -59.5 11t-40.5 23q-19 18 -16 36q1 16 23 33q13 10 24 0q58 -51 124 -51q55 0 88 40t33 112q0 64 -39 96.5t-88 32.5q-29 0 -64 -11l-6 29q77 25 118 57.5t41 84.5&#xA;q0 45 -26.5 69.5t-68.5 24.5q-67 0 -120 -79l-20 20l43 63q51 56 127 56h1q66 0 107 -37t41 -95q0 -42 -31 -71q-22 -23 -68 -54z" /></g></svg> for Guided Wave Electrooptic Modulators with Polarization-Reversed Structure

We estimate the phase velocity of a modulation microwave in a
quasi-velocity-matched (QVM) electro-optic (EO) phase modulator
(QVM-EOM) using EO sampling which is accurate and the most reliable
technique for measuring voltage waveforms at an electrode. The
substrate of the measured QVM-EOM is a stoichiometric periodically
domain-inverted <svg style="vertical-align:-3.3907pt;width:49.349998px;" id="M2" height="15.825" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 49.349998 15.825" width="49.349998" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.538)"><use xlink:href="#x4C" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,9.293,11.538)"><use xlink:href="#x69" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.848,11.538)"><use xlink:href="#x54" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,22.79,11.538)"><use xlink:href="#x61" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.252,11.538)"><use xlink:href="#x4F" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,42.95,15.613)"><use xlink:href="#x33" /></g></svg> crystal. The electric field of a standing wave
in a resonant microstrip line (width: 0.5 mm, height: 0.5 mm) is measured by
employing a CdTe crystal as an EO sensor. The wavelength of the traveling
microwave at 16.0801 GHz is determined as 3.33 mm by fitting the theoretical
curve to the measured electric field distribution. The phase velocity is
estimated as  <svg style="vertical-align:-3.3907pt;width:106.2625px;" id="M3" height="19.924999" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 106.2625 19.924999" width="106.2625" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,15.638)"><path id="x1D463" d="M457 332q0 -81 -41 -161.5t-105.5 -131.5t-129.5 -51q-46 0 -79 30.5t-33 86.5q0 18 7 51q18 95 46 187q6 19 6 33q0 7 -7 7q-24 0 -78 -64l-20 23q32 48 73 77t78 29q33 0 33 -46q0 -38 -10 -70q-28 -92 -39 -152q-7 -38 -7 -57q0 -78 69 -78q68 0 118 75.5t50 194.5&#xA;q0 43 -12 57q-11 12 -11 24q0 19 15 35.5t34 16.5q18 0 30.5 -34.5t12.5 -81.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,8.225,19.713)"><path id="x1D45A" d="M766 88q-40 -45 -83.5 -72.5t-63.5 -27.5q-39 0 -16 103l49 224q15 68 -10 68q-36 0 -112.5 -78.5t-105.5 -133.5q-27 -101 -38 -165q-35 -4 -77 -18l-6 6q42 153 70 288q12 55 10 78t-19 23q-38 0 -114 -80.5t-101 -131.5q-24 -68 -41 -165q-36 -3 -76 -18l-8 6&#xA;q56 202 87 347q7 33 -3 33q-8 0 -31.5 -17.5t-41.5 -35.5l-12 28q42 45 84 72t63 27q44 0 10 -124l-20 -75h2q92 121 193 178q36 21 64 21q62 0 28 -159l-8 -37h2q50 67 103.5 112t94.5 65q39 19 62 19q60 0 23 -156l-45 -189q-9 -39 2 -39q17 0 71 49z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,22.95,15.638)"><path id="x3D" d="M535 323h-483v50h483v-50zM535 138h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,37.654,15.638)"><path id="x35" d="M153 550l-26 -186q79 31 111 31q90 0 141.5 -51t51.5 -119q0 -93 -89 -166q-85 -69 -173 -71q-32 0 -61.5 11.5t-41.5 23.5q-18 17 -17 34q2 16 22 33q14 9 26 -1q61 -50 124 -50q60 0 93 43.5t33 104.5q0 69 -41.5 110t-121.5 41q-53 0 -102 -20l38 305h286l6 -8&#xA;l-26 -65h-233z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,45.813,15.638)"><path id="x2E" d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,49.689,15.638)"><use xlink:href="#x33" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,57.848,15.638)"><use xlink:href="#x35" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,69.782,15.638)"><path id="xD7" d="M528 54l-36 -38l-198 201l-198 -201l-36 38l197 200l-197 201l36 38l198 -202l198 202l36 -38l-197 -201z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,83.534,15.638)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,91.693,15.638)"><path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105&#xA;q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,99.862,7.475)"><path id="x37" d="M447 623l8 -12l-283 -613l-74 -10l-7 11q174 283 297 551h-216q-48 0 -62.5 -12t-33.5 -63h-29q10 60 18 148h382z" /></g></svg> m/s,  though there exists
about 5% systematic error due to the perturbation by the EO sensor.
Relative dielectric constant of <svg style="vertical-align:-3.3907pt;width:60.512501px;" id="M4" height="15.1375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 60.512501 15.1375" width="60.512501" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><path id="x1D700" d="M387 375q0 -16 -17 -31t-29 -15q-9 0 -12 13q-13 74 -80 74q-36 0 -61 -24.5t-25 -56.5t24 -51.5t68 -19.5q33 0 47 2l2 -7l-32 -42q-20 2 -54 2q-45 0 -74 -21.5t-29 -60.5q0 -41 28 -65.5t73 -24.5q78 0 145 67l17 -23q-33 -47 -84.5 -75t-111.5 -28q-70 0 -114.5 35.5&#xA;t-44.5 92.5q0 46 38 78t95 45v2q-35 10 -54.5 33t-19.5 52q0 55 53 88.5t122 33.5q67 0 98.5 -23.5t31.5 -49.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,7.037,14.938)"><path id="x1D45F" d="M393 379q-9 -16 -28 -29q-15 -10 -23 -2q-19 19 -36 19q-21 0 -52 -38q-57 -72 -82 -126l-40 -197q-23 -3 -75 -18l-7 7q49 196 74 335q7 43 -2 43q-7 0 -30 -14.5t-47 -37.5l-16 23q37 42 82 73t67 31q41 0 15 -113l-11 -50h4q41 71 85 117t77 46q29 0 45 -26&#xA;q13 -21 0 -43z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,17.4,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x3D" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,32.087,10.862)"><path id="x34" d="M456 178h-96v-72q0 -51 12.5 -62.5t72.5 -16.5v-27h-256v27q65 5 78 17t13 62v72h-260v28q182 271 300 426h40v-407h96v-47zM280 225v295h-2q-107 -148 -196 -295h198z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,40.246,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x31" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,48.406,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x2E" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,52.281,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x35" /></g></svg> is led as the maximum
likelihood value that derives the estimated phase velocity.

Shintaro Hisatake

Akira Kaino

Tomoaki Yasuda

Tadao Nagatsuma

Phase Velocity Estimation of a Microstrip Line in a Stoichiometric Periodically Domain-Inverted <svg style="vertical-align:-3.39069pt" height="15.825" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 49.349998 15.825" width="49.349998" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.538)"><path id="x4C" d="M495 163l30 -6q-19 -99 -36 -157h-453v28q63 5 77.5 20t14.5 78v400q0 63 -13 77t-75 19v28h261v-28q-61 -5 -74.5 -19t-13.5 -77v-395q0 -41 5 -59t18 -25q24 -13 96 -13q85 0 112 31q30 33 51 98z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,9.293,11.538)"><path id="x69" d="M135 536q-20 0 -35 15.5t-15 35.5q0 22 15 37t36 15t35.5 -15t14.5 -37q0 -21 -15 -36t-36 -15zM252 0h-220v26q48 5 59 17t11 63v206q0 47 -9 58t-54 18v24q78 12 142 39v-345q0 -51 11.5 -63t59.5 -17v-26z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.848,11.538)"><path id="x54" d="M592 498l-30 -3q-13 63 -31 89q-13 19 -33.5 25.5t-75.5 6.5h-70v-493q0 -60 16 -75.5t86 -19.5v-28h-286v28q68 4 83.5 19.5t15.5 75.5v493h-62q-60 0 -83 -7t-33 -24q-12 -17 -32 -90h-29q10 116 12 180h20q10 -16 21 -20.5t34 -4.5h395q19 0 28.5 5t21.5 20h21&#xA;q2 -89 11 -177z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,22.79,11.538)"><path id="x61" d="M433 39l-85 -51q-27 0 -47 20q-16 16 -24 44q-5 -3 -24 -16.5t-27 -18.5t-23 -13.5t-25 -12t-19 -3.5q-52 0 -86 36.5t-34 85.5q0 71 81 99q128 43 155 65v17q0 54 -23 83.5t-62 29.5q-28 0 -45 -19t-29 -66q-7 -23 -29 -23q-15 0 -29 13t-14 30t31 40q25 19 68.5 40.5&#xA;t81.5 29.5q49 0 82 -27q45 -39 45 -123v-185q0 -60 35 -60q18 0 36 11zM275 84v156q-12 -6 -49 -23t-41 -19q-31 -14 -46 -31t-15 -43q0 -35 22.5 -55.5t48.5 -20.5q19 0 42 10.5t38 25.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.252,11.538)"><path id="x4F" d="M381 665q131 0 226.5 -93t95.5 -239q0 -158 -96 -253t-238 -95q-137 0 -231 95t-94 238q0 142 92.5 244.5t244.5 102.5zM359 629q-89 0 -151 -74.5t-62 -208.5q0 -141 69 -233t175 -92q90 0 150.5 74t60.5 211q0 152 -69 237.5t-173 85.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,42.95,15.613)"><path id="x33" d="M285 378v-2q65 -13 102 -54.5t37 -97.5q0 -57 -30.5 -104.5t-74 -75t-85.5 -42t-72 -14.5q-31 0 -59.5 11t-40.5 23q-19 18 -16 36q1 16 23 33q13 10 24 0q58 -51 124 -51q55 0 88 40t33 112q0 64 -39 96.5t-88 32.5q-29 0 -64 -11l-6 29q77 25 118 57.5t41 84.5&#xA;q0 45 -26.5 69.5t-68.5 24.5q-67 0 -120 -79l-20 20l43 63q51 56 127 56h1q66 0 107 -37t41 -95q0 -42 -31 -71q-22 -23 -68 -54z" /></g></svg> Modulator Using Electro-Optic Sampling Technique

Noise characteristics of second-harmonic generation (SHG) in
periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) using the quasiphase
matching (QPM) technique are analyzed experimentally. In the
experiment, a0.78&#x2009;<svg style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:21.799999px;" id="M1" height="10.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 21.799999 10.175" width="21.799999"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.175)">
        <g transform="translate(72,-63.86)">
            <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.2)">
                <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝜇</tspan>
                <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6018238" y="0">m</tspan>
            </text>

        </g>
    </g>
</svg> second-harmonic (SH) wave was generated when
a 1.56&#x2009;<svg style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:21.799999px;" id="M2" height="10.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 21.799999 10.175" width="21.799999"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    <g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.175)">
        <g transform="translate(72,-63.86)">
            <text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.2)">
                <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝜇</tspan>
                <tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6018238" y="0">m</tspan>
            </text>

        </g>
    </g>
</svg> fundamental wave passed through a PPLN crystal (bulk or
waveguide). The time-domain and frequency-domain noise
characteristics of the fundamental and SH waves were analyzed. By
using the pump-probe method, the noise characteristics of SHG were
further analyzed when a visible light (532&#x2009;nm) and an infrared
light (1090&#x2009;nm) copropagated with the fundamental light,
respectively. The noise characterizations were also investigated
at different temperatures. It is found that for the bulk and
waveguide PPLN crystals, the SH wave has a higher relative noise
level than the corresponding fundamental wave. For the same
fundamental wave, the SH wave has lower noise in a bulk crystal
than in a waveguide, and in MgO-doped PPLN than in undoped PPLN.
The 532&#x2009;nm irradiation can lead to higher noise in PPLN than the
1090&#x2009;nm irradiation. In addition, increasing temperature of device
can alleviate the problem of noise in conjunction with the
photorefractive effect incurred by the irradiation light. This is
more significant in undoped PPLN than in MgO-doped one.

Yong Wang

Jorge Fonseca-Campos

Wan-guo Liang

Ignacio Vargas-Baca

Noise Analysis of Second-Harmonic Generation in Undoped and MgO-Doped Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate

Nonlinear frequency conversion remains one of the dominant approaches to efficiently generate THz waves. Significant material absorption in the THz range is the main factor impeding the progress towards this direction. In this research, a new multicladding nonlinear fiber design was proposed to solve this problem, and as the major experimental effort, periodic domain structure was introduced into lithium niobate single-crystal fibers by electrical poling. The introduced periodic domain structures were nondestructively revealed using a crossly polarized optical microscope and a confocal scanning optical microscope for quality assurance.

Kitt Reinhardt

Domain-Reversed Lithium Niobate Single-Crystal Fibers are Potentially for Efficient Terahertz Wave Generation

908&#x2009;mW of green light at 532&#x2009;nm were generated by intracavity quasiphase matching in a bulk periodically poled MgO:<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.3907pt;width:54.275002px;" id="M2" height="16.450001" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 54.275002 16.450001" width="54.275002"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x4C"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,9.293,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x69"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.848,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x4E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,26.53,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x62"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,35.165,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x4F"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,47.875,16.25)"><use xlink:href="#x33"/></g>

		
	
</svg> (PPMgLN) crystal. A maximum optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 33.5&#x25; was obtained from a 0.5&#x2009;mm thick, 10&#x2009;mm long, and 5&#x2009;mol&#x25; MgO:<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.3907pt;width:54.275002px;" id="M3" height="16.450001" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 54.275002 16.450001" width="54.275002"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x4C"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,9.293,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x69"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.848,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x4E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,26.53,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x62"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,35.165,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x4F"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,47.875,16.25)"><use xlink:href="#x33"/></g>

		
	
</svg> crystal with an end-pump power of 2.7&#x2009;W at 808&#x2009;nm. The temperature bandwidth between the intracavity and single-pass frequency doubling was found to be different for the PPMgLN. Reliability and stability of the green laser were evaluated. It was found that for continuous operation of 100 hours, the output stability was better than 97.5&#x25; and no optical damage was observed.

Shaowei Chu

Ying Zhang

Bin Wang

Yong Bi

High-Efficiency Intracavity Continuous-Wave Green-Light Generation by Quasiphase Matching in a Bulk Periodically Poled MgO:<svg style="vertical-align:-3.39069pt" height="16.450001" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 54.275002 16.450001" width="54.275002" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><path id="x4C" d="M495 163l30 -6q-19 -99 -36 -157h-453v28q63 5 77.5 20t14.5 78v400q0 63 -13 77t-75 19v28h261v-28q-61 -5 -74.5 -19t-13.5 -77v-395q0 -41 5 -59t18 -25q24 -13 96 -13q85 0 112 31q30 33 51 98z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,9.293,12.162)"><path id="x69" d="M135 536q-20 0 -35 15.5t-15 35.5q0 22 15 37t36 15t35.5 -15t14.5 -37q0 -21 -15 -36t-36 -15zM252 0h-220v26q48 5 59 17t11 63v206q0 47 -9 58t-54 18v24q78 12 142 39v-345q0 -51 11.5 -63t59.5 -17v-26z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.848,12.162)"><path id="x4E" d="M719 650v-28q-43 -2 -62 -15t-22 -44q-6 -47 -6 -169v-403h-31l-426 524h-2v-251q0 -111 6 -169q4 -37 24 -50.5t72 -16.5v-28h-237v28q45 2 64.5 16t23.5 49q6 62 6 171v220q0 54 -3 68.5t-17 32.5q-16 19 -34.5 26.5t-54.5 10.5v28h147l418 -502h3v246q0 117 -7 166&#xA;q-4 34 -24.5 47t-73.5 15v28h236z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,26.53,12.162)"><path id="x62" d="M152 404l81 35q23 10 41 10q81 0 139 -61.5t58 -149.5q0 -107 -74.5 -178.5t-176.5 -71.5q-71 0 -147 36v555q0 48 -9.5 59.5t-56.5 15.5v23q79 10 145 35v-308zM152 374v-258q0 -20 6 -35q7 -19 30 -37t58 -18q63 0 99.5 50t36.5 137q0 82 -43.5 131t-108.5 49&#xA;q-44 0 -78 -19z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,35.165,12.162)"><path id="x4F" d="M381 665q131 0 226.5 -93t95.5 -239q0 -158 -96 -253t-238 -95q-137 0 -231 95t-94 238q0 142 92.5 244.5t244.5 102.5zM359 629q-89 0 -151 -74.5t-62 -208.5q0 -141 69 -233t175 -92q90 0 150.5 74t60.5 211q0 152 -69 237.5t-173 85.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,47.875,16.25)"><path id="x33" d="M285 378v-2q65 -13 102 -54.5t37 -97.5q0 -57 -30.5 -104.5t-74 -75t-85.5 -42t-72 -14.5q-31 0 -59.5 11t-40.5 23q-19 18 -16 36q1 16 23 33q13 10 24 0q58 -51 124 -51q55 0 88 40t33 112q0 64 -39 96.5t-88 32.5q-29 0 -64 -11l-6 29q77 25 118 57.5t41 84.5&#xA;q0 45 -26.5 69.5t-68.5 24.5q-67 0 -120 -79l-20 20l43 63q51 56 127 56h1q66 0 107 -37t41 -95q0 -42 -31 -71q-22 -23 -68 -54z" /></g></svg> Crystal

We discuss a new method to design traveling-wave electrooptic modulators with controlled frequency responses using nonperiodically polarization-reversed structure. Using our method, the frequency responses of both magnitude and phase of modulation index are controllable. Several electrooptic modulators for advanced modulation formats such as duobinary modulation and wideband single-sideband modulation are proposed.

Ha Viet Pham

Electrooptic Modulators with Controlled Frequency Responses by Using Nonperiodically Polarization-Reversed Structure

An oxide-based multilayer structure was proposed to realize negative refraction. The multilayer composes of alternative layers having negative permittivity and negative permeability, respectively. In order to realize negative refraction, their dielectric and magnetic resonances of layers will be tuned to the frequency as close as possibly via changing their temperature, composition, structure, and so forth. Such oxide-based NIMs are attractive for their potential applications as optical super lenses, imagers, optical cloaking, sensors, and so forth, those are required with low-loss, low-cost, 
              and good fabrication flexibility.

Gail J. Brown

Negative Refraction Using Frequency-Tuned Oxide Multilayer Structure

Masatoshi Fujimura

Toshiaki Suhara

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About this journal

<p>Advances in OptoElectronics publishes papers on the theory, design, fabrication, and applications of devices and components that convert light into an electrical current or, conversely, an electric current into light.</p>


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<p>Advances in OptoElectronics maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.</p>


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Advances in OptoElectronics ceased publication in 2019 and is no longer accepting submissions.

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Advances in OptoElectronics publishes papers on the theory, design, fabrication, and applications of devices and components that convert light into an electrical current or, conversely, an electric current into light.

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Advances in OptoElectronics | Hindawi

Advances in OptoElectronics

<p>This Issue is now open for submissions.</p>
<p>Papers are published upon acceptance, regardless of the Special Issue publication date.</p>


Advances in OptoElectronics

Progress in Domain Engineered Photonic Materials

Progress in Domain Engineered Photonic Materials

Articles

Progress in Domain-Engineered Photonics Materials

Detection of an Optical Signal Using Difference Frequency Generation in a Periodically Poled Microwave Waveguide

Fabrication of Proton-Exchange Waveguide Using Stoichiometric for Guided Wave Electrooptic Modulators with Polarization-Reversed Structure

Phase Velocity Estimation of a Microstrip Line in a Stoichiometric Periodically Domain-Inverted Modulator Using Electro-Optic Sampling Technique

Noise Analysis of Second-Harmonic Generation in Undoped and MgO-Doped Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate

Domain-Reversed Lithium Niobate Single-Crystal Fibers are Potentially for Efficient Terahertz Wave Generation

High-Efficiency Intracavity Continuous-Wave Green-Light Generation by Quasiphase Matching in a Bulk Periodically Poled MgO: Crystal

Electrooptic Modulators with Controlled Frequency Responses by Using Nonperiodically Polarization-Reversed Structure

Negative Refraction Using Frequency-Tuned Oxide Multilayer Structure

Formation of Domain-Inverted Gratings by Voltage Application under UV Light Irradiation at Room Temperature