Aim. This study was performed to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of ImageJ software that we utilized to quantify the volume-of-interest of buccal bone, in vitro study made with the dry skull of a sheep, and the comparison was applied with a reference method. Materials and Methods. A portion of the alveolar bone has been cut, then we built an acrylic model similar to this portion that we shut off, the model was inserted in the place of the piece that we cut, and we have scanned the skull afterwards. Four measurements were made by two examiners using the manual method and ImageJ software whereby DICOM images were extracted from CBCT. The accuracy and reliability were assessed using Student&#x2019;s test and ICC, when <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-1.15896pt" id="M1" height="9.7557pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.59674 45.6962 9.7557" width="45.6962pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g50-81" d="M622 479C622 589 545 650 400 650H146L140 618C229 609 230 602 215 527L135 132C117 43 112 41 27 32L18 0H305L313 32C213 40 205 44 222 132L251 284L324 262H365C484 269 622 333 622 479ZM528 477C528 356 420 305 344 305C300 305 276 314 259 321L303 554C311 597 313 600 331 606C345 611 361 614 379 614C463 614 528 580 528 477Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="640" vert-adv-y="640" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.766,0)"><path id="g54-93" d="M552 72V131L122 319L552 507V566L59 344V293L552 72ZM552 -41V12H59V-41H552Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="611" vert-adv-y="611" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,23.385,0)"><path id="g50-49" d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.716,0)"><path id="g50-47" d="M117 -12C153 -12 178 12 178 50C178 84 153 110 118 110C84 110 59 84 59 50C59 12 84 -12 117 -12Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="237" vert-adv-y="237" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.797,0)"><path id="g50-49" d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.128,0)"><path id="g50-54" d="M158 548H390L417 615L410 623H122L83 318C105 326 143 337 185 337C296 337 350 275 350 188C350 116 308 42 225 42C164 42 122 74 100 93C90 101 82 99 72 92C60 82 51 68 50 59C48 46 52 38 66 24C82 9 125 -12 172 -12C225 -11 292 15 346 59C408 108 437 166 437 226C437 309 371 397 242 397C214 397 170 382 133 369L158 548Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487" /></g></svg>, the statistics are considered significant, and comparison is made employing SPSS and Excel. Results. The repeated measures of volume-of-interest using the manual method and the software method revealed no significant difference. Conclusion. As there is no statistical difference of volume measurements using manual method and ImageJ software, we concluded that the volume measurements with ImageJ software are reliable and accurate.

Ahmed Fadili

Naeda Alehyane

Abdelali Halimi

Fatima Zaoui

An Alternative Approach to Assessing Volume-of-Interest Accuracy Using CBCT and ImageJ Software: In Vitro Study

Tumor acidosis is a consequence of altered metabolism, which can lead to chemoresistance and can be a target of alkalinizing therapies.  Noninvasive measurements of the extracellular pH (pHe) of the tumor microenvironment can improve diagnoses and treatment decisions.  A variety of noninvasive imaging methods have been developed for measuring tumor pHe.  This review provides a detailed description of  the advantages and limitations of each method, providing many examples from previous research reports.  A substantial emphasis is placed on methods that use MR spectroscopy and MR imaging, including recently developed methods that use chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI that combines some advantages of MR spectroscopy and imaging. Together, this review provides a comprehensive overview of methods for measuring tumor pHe, which may facilitate additional creative approaches in this research field.

Liu Qi Chen

Mark D. Pagel

Evaluating pH in the Extracellular Tumor Microenvironment Using CEST MRI and Other Imaging Methods

Bone is a dynamic organ of the endoskeleton, playing an important role in structural integrity, mineral reservoirs, blood production, coagulation, and immunity. Metabolic bone disease encompasses a broad spectrum of inherited and acquired disorders that disrupt the normal homeostasis of bone formation and resorption. For patients affected by these processes, radiologic imaging plays a central role in diagnosis, monitoring treatment, and risk stratification. Radiologists should be familiar with the diseases, intimately aware of the imaging findings, and possessive of multimodality expertise to wisely guide the best practice of medicine. The purpose of this paper is to review the imaging features and characteristics of the most common types of metabolic bone disease with highlights of clinically relevant information so that readers can better generate appropriate differential diagnoses and recommendations. For this review, a thorough literature search for the most up-to-date information was performed on several key types of metabolic bone disease: osteoporosis, osteomalacia, rickets, scurvy, renal osteodystrophy, hyperparathyroidism, Paget&#x2019;s disease, osteogenesis imperfecta, acromegaly, and osteopetrosis. Although they all affect the bone, these diseases have both shared characteristic features that can be discerned through imaging.

Anish A. Patel

Rohit Ramanathan

Joshua Kuban

Marc H. Willis

Imaging Findings and Evaluation of Metabolic Bone Disease

The Objective of the Study. To evaluate and explain the consequences of different morphological abnormalities of anal sphincters including the sphincter damage and its extent using the 3-dimensional endosonography. Material and Methods. 56 patients suffering from fecal incontinence all were subjected to analysis of patient symptoms, scoring the severity of symptoms, digital examination, electromyography, and 3D endoanal ultrasonography. Results. 5 patients showed intact anal sphincters and puborectalis muscle. 4 patients found with thick IAS&#x2009;&#x3e;&#x2009;4&#x2009;mm, 4 patients with thin IAS&#x2009;&#x3C;&#x2009;2&#x2009;mm. 3 patients with thin EAS, 12 patients with IAS defects, 15 patients with EAS defects, 8 patients with combined IAS and EAS defects, 2 patients with puborectalis muscle defects and 3 patients with high levels transsphincteric perianal fistulas. Conclusion. No significant relationship was observed between sphincter damage except for combined internal and external sphincter injury and the severity score of FI symptoms. Puborectalis muscle injury and abnormal sphincter thickness are unlikely causes of severe FI.

Ashraf Talaat Youssef

To Evaluate and Explain the Consequences of Abnormal Anal Sphincter Morphology Using the 3-Dimensional Endosonography

The role of hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) in promoting fatty liver disease and hypertriglyceridemia during excessive nutrient intake is becoming firmly established. Certain nutrients such as fructose promote hepatic DNL activity and this has been at least partly attributed to their efficient conversion to the acetyl-CoA precursors of DNL. However, tracer studies indicate a paradoxically low level of fructose incorporation into lipids, which begs the question of what the actual lipogenic acetyl-CoA sources are under these and other conditions. Here, we describe novel approaches for measuring substrate contributions to lipogenic hepatic acetyl-CoA using 13C-tracers and 13C-NMR analysis of lipids and acetyl-CoA probes. We review and address aspects of hepatic intermediary fluxes and acetyl-CoA compartmentation that can confound the relationship between 13C-precursor substrate and lipogenic 13C-acetyl-CoA enrichments and demonstrate novel methodologies that can provide realistic estimates of 13C-enriched substrate contributions to DNL. The most striking realization is that the principal substrate contributors to lipogenic acetyl-CoA have yet to be identified, but they are probably not the so-called &#x201c;lipogenic substrates&#x201d; such as fructose. The proposed methods may improve our insight into the nutrient sources of DNL under various feeding and disease states.

John G. Jones

Identifying Sources of Hepatic Lipogenic Acetyl-CoA Using Stable Isotope Tracers and NMR

Objectives. To evaluate the level of knowledge about the radiation exposure to diagnostic imaging procedures among the final-year medical students and interns and to suggest how education could be improved. Material and Methods. All 355 final-year medical students and interns from Tikur Anbessa Teaching Hospital in Addis Ababa were included in the study. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of their actual knowledge on ionizing radiation and on their preferred method of learning. All questions were in multiple choice formats ranging from 4 to 7 choices. The obtained data were analyzed using statistical software. Results. A total of 343 completed questionnaires were received. Up to 78.9% of respondents underestimated or do not know the radiation dose from commonly requested radiological procedures. Surprisingly, 245 (71.4%) and 254 (79.3%) students incorrectly believed that ultrasound and MRI, respectively, emit ionizing radiation or they do not know if they emit radiation or not. Both interns and medical students did not have significant difference <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-2.21957pt;width:70.474998px;" id="M1" height="15.0875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 70.474998 15.0875" width="70.474998">
	
		
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</svg> in their knowledge of ionizing radiation. A combination of tutorials or workshops (29.7%) and learning modules (19.8%) combined were their first and last preferred methods of teaching for future radiation awareness, respectively.  Conclusion. This study has clearly shown that awareness of ionizing radiation from diagnostic imaging is lacking among senior medical students and interns. The results highlight the need for improved education to minimize unnecessary exposure of patients.

Seife Teferi Dellie

Daniel Admassie

Yenework Ewnetu

An Assessment of Final-Year Medical Students and Interns Awareness of Radiation Exposure to Common Diagnostic Imaging Procedures

Objectives. The aim was to determine the prevalence of aortic arch variations in 881 patients who underwent neck CT angiography for various reasons. Material and Methods. 881 patients were included in the study who had undergone neck CT angiography between 2010 and 2013. Results. Of 881 patients, 770 (87.4&#x25;) patients with classic branching pattern of the aortic arch (AA) were observed. Variations in branching pattern were seen in 111 (12.6&#x25;) patients. The most common variation was the origination of the left common carotid artery (LCCA) from the brachiocephalic trunk (BCT). This pattern was observed in 64 (7.2&#x25;) cases. In 25 (2.8&#x25;) cases, the left vertebral artery (LVA) originated directly from the AA between the origin of the LCCA and left subclavian artery (SCA). 17 (1.9&#x25;) cases had aberrant right subclavian artery. Three (0.3&#x25;) cases showed right aortic arch. Two cases had right aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery. Conclusions. Variations in the branching pattern of the AA are not rare. Head and neck surgeons and interventional radiologists should be aware of aortic arch variations. CTA is a reliable imaging method for demonstrating anatomical features and variations of the AA.

Pasaoglu Lale

Ugur Toprak

G&#xf6;khan Yag&#x131;z

Tunca Kaya

Sad&#x131;k Ahmet Uyan&#x131;k

Variations in the Branching Pattern of the Aortic Arch Detected with Computerized Tomography Angiography

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Advances in Radiology