Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor: A Multifunctional Cytokine in Rheumatic Diseases
Table 1
Biological activities of MIF.
Chemotactic activities
Monocytes
stimulation/inhibition: dependent on its concentration
T lymphocytes
ECs
Vascular smooth muscle cells
Fibroblasts
Angiogenic activities
Antiapoptotic activities
Stimulation of cell proliferation
Induction of mediators
Cytokines
TNF-
IL-1, 6, 8, 12
CCL2
Growth factor
VEGF
Adhesion molecules
ICAM-1
VCAM-1
E-selectin
P-selectin
Proteinases
MMP-1, 3, 9, 13
Nitric oxide
Superoxide
Chemotactic activities of MIF against monocytes/macrophages may be dependent on its concentration. VEGF; vascular endothelial growth factor, ICAM-1; intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, VCAM-1; vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, MMP; matrix metalloproteinase.