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Type of load | Regimen | Model system | Major effect | Reference |
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Running exercise | 6 to 12 km/day | Hamster | Increased proteoglycan content | [26] |
Running exercise | 15 km over 28 days | Rat OA induced by ACLT | Reduced apoptosis and chondral erosions | [50] |
Running exercise | Varied age, 15 months exercise | Rabbit | Improved collagen organisation in young and reversed OA in older animals | [54] |
Increased loading | Increased loading following 8 weeks of splinting | Rabbit | Increased maturation of tissue and increased collagen content | [55] |
Conditioning exercise | Increased workload by 30% | Foals | Reduced cartilage degeneration index | [56] |
Running exercise | 4 km/day, uphill, 15 weeks | Beagle dogs | Increased proteoglycan content and cartilage thickness | [53] |
Cyclic pressure-induced strain | 0.3 Hz, 6 hours | Human and monolayer | Increased aggrecan gene expression | [58] |
Hydrostatic pressure | 5 and 10 MPa at 1 Hz for durations of 4 h per day for 4 days | Human monolayer | Increased aggrecan and collagen type II gene expression | [59] |
Dynamic compression | 3% at 0.01 to 1 Hz, 43 days | Bovine and agarose | Increased proteoglycan and collagen synthesis | [63] |
Dynamic compression | 15%, 1 Hz, 48 hours | Bovine and agarose | Increased cell proliferation and proteoglycan synthesis and reduced nitrite release | [60, 61] |
Dynamic compression | 10% at 1 Hz, 3 × 1 hr on, 1 hr off, 5 days/week for 21 days | Bovine and agarose | Increased equilibrium aggregate modulus, sGAG and collagen synthesis | [62] |
Dynamic compression | 1 MPa, repeated 2 and 4 sec, 1.5 hour | Bovine and explants | Increased proteoglycan synthesis | [64] |
Cyclic compression | 1 MPa, 0.5 Hz, 3 days | Bovine and explants | Increased proteoglycan synthesis | [70] |
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