Parent Training Interventions for Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Table 1

Description of studies.

(a)

Studies	Participant characteristics			Methods	Control condition (if applicable)
	𝑛 total (intervention group)	Age (months) mean (min–max)	Diagnosis
Drew et al., 2002 [38]	24 (intervention = 12)	22.5	Childhood autism (ICD-10)	Randomized controlled trial	Local services: mixture of services
Mahoney and Perales, 2003 [36]	20	32.1	Autistic disorder or PDD	Preexperimental design: pre/postintervention	n/a
Mahoney and Perales, 2005 [37]	20	32.6	ASD	Preexperimental design: pre/postintervention	n/a
Wetherby and Woods, 2006 [39]	17	18.2 (12–24)	Provisional clinical diagnosis of ASD	Quasi-experimental design: pre/postintervention	Contrast group: no treatment
Rocha et al., 2007 [40]	3	31.7 (26–42)	Autistic disorder	Single subject multiple baseline across pairs of participants	n/a
Schertz and Odom, 2007 [41]	3	26.3 (22–33)	Strong early markers of ASD	Mixed methods: multiple-baseline design	n/a
Vismara et al., 2009 [34]	8	27.5 (10–36)	Autistic disorder (DSM-IV)	Case study: nonconcurrent multiple-baseline design	n/a
Gulsrud et al., 2010 [42]	34	30.6 (21–36)	ASD	Quasi-experimental design	n/a
Kasari et al., 2010 [43]	38 (intervention = 19)	30.8 (21–36)	Autistic disorder (DSM-IV)	Randomized waitlist control design	Waitlist: mixture of services
Oosterling et al., 2010 [44]	67 (intervention = 36)	32.9	Autistic disorder or PDD	Randomized controlled trial	Care-as-usual: daycare with speech and language therapy, motor therapy, music therapy, play therapy, and support for parents
Wong and Kwan, 2010 [45]	17 (intervention = 9)	26.5 (17–30)	ASD (DMS-IV)	Randomized waitlist control design	Waitlist: no intervention
Carter et al., 2011 [46]	55 (intervention = 29)	20.3 (15–25)	At risk of ASD	Randomized controlled trial	Control group: business as usual
Rogers et al., 2012 [10]	98 (intervention = 49)	21.0 (14–24)	At risk of ASD	Randomized controlled trial	Community group; mixture of services
Green et al., 2013 [47]	77 (intervention = 7)	8.4 (8–10)	Infant siblings of autistic probands	Case series with comparison groups; high risk (𝑛=37) and low risk (𝑛=33)	Comparison groups: no intervention
Steiner et al., 2013 [48]	3	12	Infant siblings of probands with ASD	Case series	n/a

(b)

Studies	Intervention characteristics
	Type	Setting	Recommended frequency and duration	Hours of intervention	Children’s targeted behaviors/abilities
Drew et al., 2002 [38]	Social-pragmatic joint attention-focused parent training	Home	3 h/6 weeks over 1 year	27 hours	Declarative acts combined with eye contact, nonverbal requests, object-function play, imitation of actions, and turn-taking.
Mahoney and Perales, 2003 [36]	Relationship-focused parent training	Clinic or home	1 h/week over 1 year	31 hours	Cognition, communication, socioemotional functioning, and motivation
Mahoney and Perales, 2005 [37]	Relationship-focused parent training (responsive teaching)	Clinic or home	1 h/week over 1 year	32.6 hours	Cognition, communication, socioemotional functioning, and motivation
Wetherby and Woods, 2006 [39]	Parent-child playgroup	Clinic	2x/week for 12 months	Not specified	Individualized social communication goals
	Naturalistic comprehensive parent training	Home	1x/week over 9 weeks	Not specified
Rocha et al., 2007 [40]	Joint attention-focused parent-implemented intervention using natural behavior analytic strategies	Clinic	3x/week for 75 minutes over 6 weeks	At least 17 hours	Response of joint attention
Schertz and Odom, 2007 [41]	Joint attention-focused parent training	Home	1x/week for 9 to 26 weeks	Mean = 14 hours	Focus on faces, turn-taking, responding to joint attention, and initiating joint attention
Vismara et al., 2009 [34]	Comprehensive parent training incorporating behavioral and developmental strategies	Clinic	1 h/week over 12 weeks	12 hours	Attention and motivation, sensory social routines, dyadic engagement, nonverbal communication, imitation, joint attention, speech, and behavior
Gulsrud et al., 2010 [42]	Joint attention-focused caregiver training incorporating behavioral and developmental strategies	Clinic	3x/week for 30 minutes over 8 weeks	12 hours	Initiation and response of joint attention
Kasari et al., 2010 [43]	Joint attention-focused caregiver training incorporating behavioral and developmental strategies	Clinic	3x/week for 30 minutes over 8 weeks	12 hours	Initiation and response of joint attention
Oosterling et al., 2010 [44]	Social-pragmatic joint attention-focused parent training	Clinic; Home	2 plenary sessions; 2 h/week over 4 weeks + 3 h/6 weeks over 11 months	Not specified; 32 hours	Declarative acts combined with eye contact, nonverbal requests, object-function play, imitation of actions, and turn-taking
Wong and Kwan, 2010 [45]	Communication-focused intervention with the child	Clinic	5x/week for 30 minutes for 2 weeks (10 sessions)	5 hours	Eye contact, gesture, and   vocalization/words
	Communication-focused parent training
Carter et al., 2011 [46]	Communication-focused parent group training	Clinic	1x/week over 8 weeks	Not specified	Two-way interaction, mature and conventional ways of communication
	Communication-focused parent training	Home	3x	Not specified	Communication for social purposes, understanding of language
Rogers et al., 2012 [10]	Comprehensive parent training incorporating behavioral and developmental strategies	Clinic	1x/week for 1 hour over 12 weeks	12 hours	Attention and motivation, sensory social routines, dyadic engagement, nonverbal communication, imitation, joint attention, speech, and behavior
Green et al., 2013 [47]	Developmental video-aided autism-specific parent training	Home	12 sessions of 1.5 hours over 5 months	18 hours	Social engagement and reciprocity
Steiner et al., 2013 [48]	Behavioral parent training	Clinic	8 sessions of 1 hour over 3 months	8 hours	Communication
		Home	2 sessions of 1 hour over 3 months	2 hours