The Effects of Rhythm and Robotic Interventions on the Imitation/Praxis, Interpersonal Synchrony, and Motor Performance of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 2

Training-specific measures of imitation/praxis and interpersonal synchrony.

Rhythm group		Robot group		Comparison group
Test of imitation/praxis
Action song	(i) Finger play; (ii) Whole body discrete movements	Action game	Whole body discrete movements	Play-doh game	(i) Roll; (ii) Flatten; (iii) Pinch Play-Doh
Xylophone game	(i) Unilateral; (ii) Bilateral symmetrical; (iii) Bilateral alternating; (iv) Crossover patterns	Drumming game	(i) Unilateral; (ii) Bilateral symmetrical; (iii) Bilateral alternating sequences	Duplos/Lego blocks and Zoob pieces	(i) PUSH; (ii) Pull blocks/pieces
Test of interpersonal synchrony
Beat keeping	(i) Rhythmic symmetrical; (ii) Alternating arm actions	Action game	Rhythmic asymmetrical arm and leg actions
Music making	(i) Rhythmic unilateral; (ii) Bilateral symmetrical; (iii) Bilateral alternating drum sequences	Drumming game	(i) Rhythmic unilateral; (ii) Bilateral asymmetrical drum sequences	Not applicable
Moving game	(i) Jumping; (ii) Stomping; (iii) March and clap; (iv) Skipping	Walking game	Walking synchronously with the model to follow mobile robot

Note. The comparison group did not engage in interpersonal synchrony activities; hence, no training-specific synchrony tests are reported for this group.