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Study | Participants | Intervention | Frequency | Results |
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Ansari et al., 2021 [23] | 8–14-years-old boys with ASD at levels 1 or 2 of severity according to Gars-2 | Training kata techniques and aquatic exercise | Ten weeks, two sessions per week, each session lasted for 60 minutes. | Static and dynamic balance improved in both intervention groups compared to controls. |
Sarabzadeh et al., 2019 [24] | 6–12-years-old children with ASD who had at least received one year of treatment for ASD | Tai Chi Chuan training | Ten weeks, two sessions per week, each session lasted for 60 minutes. | Static and dynamic balance improved in the intervention group compared to controls. |
Kim et al., 2016 [29] | 8–14-years-old children with ASD | Taekwondo | Eight weeks, two sessions per week, each session lasted for 50 minutes. | Performance in the right single-leg stance test with closed eyes improved compared to controls. There were no other significant differences in functional balance and postural sway during single- or double-leg stance tests with eyes open or closed between groups. |
Yilmaz et al., 2004 [35] | A nine-years-old child with ASD | Swimming | Ten weeks | Performances of a patient with ASD in a single-leg stance test with eyes open or closed were improved. |
Satiansukpong et al., 2008 [43] | Boys with ASD who were 11–19 years old | Elephant-assisted therapy | Three weeks, four days a week, each session lasted for seven hours. | Static and dynamic balance improved in four individuals with ASD. |
Nuntanee et al., 2019 [42] | 8–19-years-old children with ASD who had poor balance control | Motorizes elephant-assisted therapy | Four weeks, two days a week, each session lasted for 90 minutes. | Postural sway decreased in all directions in individuals who were in the experimental group; however, these changes were not statistically significant in all directions. |
Ajzenman et al., 2013 [45] | 5–12-years-old children with ASD | Hippotherapy | Twelve weeks, once a week, each session lasted for 45 minutes. | Postural control improved in individuals with ASD. |
Wuang et al., 2010 [44] | 6–10-years-old children with ASD | Simulated developmental horse-riding program | Twenty weeks, two sessions per week, each lasting for one hour. | Balance control significantly improved after combining occupational therapy and the simulated developmental horse-riding program compared to routine occupational therapy. |
Lourenco et al., 2015 [57] | 4–11-years-old children with mild to moderate ASD | Exercise on trampoline | Twenty weeks, one session per week, each session lasted for 45 minutes. | Functional dynamic balance improved more in individuals with ASD who exercised on a trampoline compared to controls. |
Cheldavi et al., 2014 [60] | 7–10-years-old boys with ASD and IQ of higher than 80 | Progressive balance training | Six weeks, three sessions per week, each session lasting 45 minutes. | The velocity of the center of pressure and postural sway in anteroposterior and mediolateral directions decreased in individuals who participated in the program compared to controls. |
Caldani et al., 2020 [62] | Children with ASD and a mean age of 11.7 years | Balance training using rehabilitation programs | Two sessions of dynamic balance training lasting for 45 minutes | Postural balance after a short postural rehabilitation training program was improved. |
Travers et al., 2018 [64] | 7–17-years-old individuals with ASD | Balance training using videogames | Six weeks, three sessions per week, each session lasted for an hour. | Postural sway with eyes open or closed and balance performances while standing on one or two legs were improved in participants. |
Smoot Reinert et al., 2015 [65] | 9–10-years-old children with ASD | Vestibular therapy | A session of ten minutes of vestibular therapy | Postural sway was decreased while standing on a plate with eyes open. Also, postural sway while standing on a foam pad with eyes closed was increased. |
Mahmoodifar et al., 2020 [69] | 6–14-years-old children with ASD and IQ of higher than 75 | Transcranial direct current stimulation + motor training | Ten sessions of treatment | The dynamic and static balances were more improved in individuals who received transcranial direct current stimulation and motor training compared to those who only received exercise treatment |
Najafabadi et al., 2018 [78] | 5–12-years-old children with ASD | Sports, play, and active recreation for kids (SPARK) | Twelve weeks, three sessions per week | Both social interactions and motor skills, including dynamic and static balance control and bilateral coordination, have been enhanced. |
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