Foeniculum vulgare Mill: A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Contemporary Application, and Toxicology

Table 4

Uses of Foeniculum vulgare as a food ingredient as reported in the literature.

Sr. number	Region/Nation	Local name	Part used and edible application.	References
1	Campania, Italy	Finucchio, finucchiello, finochietto	Stem is used as an aromatizer for pickled olives.	[125]
2	Campania, Italy	Finocchiella, fenùcciu	Seed is employed in preparation of salted meats.	[125]
3	Spain	Hinojo, Fenoll	Tender leaves and stems, raw as a snack, are used in salads or stewed.	[126]
4	Spain	Fiallo, millau	Aerial part or seeds used for seasoning olives, as preservative for dry figs, and for preparing herbal tea or liqueur.	[126]
5	Trás-os-Montes (Northeast Portuguese)	Fialho, fionho, erva-doce	Shoots, tender leaves, and stems used in snacks, salads, soups, stews, and spices.; Flowering stems used in beverages, spirits, and spices.; Stems used as brochettes and herbal teas.; Seeds used as spices, flavour for cakes, biscuits, and sweets, and chestnuts.	[14]
6	Arrábida and Açor (Center Portuguese)	Funcho, erva-doce	Seeds used as flavour for cakes and pastries and for cooking chestnuts.	[14]
7	Alentejo and Algarve (South Portuguese)	Funcho, fialho, funcho-doce, funcho-amargo	Shoots, tender leaves, and stems are fried with eggs, used in omelettes, used in fish stuff, stewed with different kinds of beans and chickpeas, and used in fish and bread bouillons, soups, and sauces.; Tender leafy stems are used in grilled fish and fish dishes in general.; Seeds are used as spices, flavour for cakes, bread, and biscuits, and chestnuts.; Whole plant used in olives brines, figs preserves, and for aromatizing brandy.	[14]
8	Jammu and Kashmir, India	Saunf	The fruits with other ingredients are given to the animal if it stops taking food during diarrhea.	[46]
9	Liguria, Italy	Fenucéttu-sarvègu	Aerial parts of plant mixed with shoots of Clematis and Rubus used as food integrator for sheep.	[45]