Foeniculum vulgare Mill: A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Contemporary Application, and Toxicology

Table 9

Antibacterial, antimycobacterial, antifungal, and antiviral studies carried out on Foeniculum vulgare.

Sr. number	Part used^a	Type of extract	Active strains^b	Method	Reference standard	Effective concentration	Reference
1	SD	Essential oil	S.a., Enterococcus sp., P.a., E.c., and Salmonella sp.	Filter paper disc diffusion method	0.5 Mac Farland’s Standard (1.5 × 108 CFU/mL)	10 𝜇L/disk	[142]
2	FT	Essential oil	E.c., B.m.,and 27; phytopathogenic bacterial species	Agar diffusion method	Rifampicin	1.6 mg/mL	[143]
3	AP	Aqueous, ethanol and ethyl-acetate extracts	A.r.t., Er.c., P.f.,and P.g.	Filter paper disc diffusion method	Chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and tetracycline	15 mg per disc.	[91]
4	SD	Essential oil	E.a., S.t., S.a., St.e., E.c., P.a.,and C.a.	Filter paper disc diffusion method	Amoxicillin and cefazolin	15 𝜇L/disk	[144]
5	FL, FT	Essential oil	A.a., F.o., and R.s.	Filter paper disc diffusion method	NS	10 and 40 ppm	[95]
6	FL, LF, TW	Essential oil	Bacilli sp., P.a., Acinetobacter sp., and A.f.	Agar diffusion method	Fleroxacin	30, 25, 20, 15 and 10 𝜇L per well	[145]
7	SD, ST, LF, RT	Essential oil	S.a., B.s., E.c., P.a., C.a., C.t., M.s., M.c., and M.x.	Agar dilution method	NS	NM	[146]
8	SD	Essential oil	E.c., B.s., A.n., F.s.,and Rh.s.	Filter paper disc diffusion method	Amoxycillin and flumequine	300 𝜇g/disc	[96]
9	FT	Essential oil and ethanolic and methanolic extracts	B.c., B.m., B.p., B.s., E.c., K.p., M.l., P.p., P.s., and C.a.	Filter paper disc diffusion method	Cefoperazone, sulbactam, ofloxacin, and netilmicin	30 mg/mL	[92]
10	SD	Aqueous/organic extracts	E.f., S.a., E.c., K.p., P.a., Sa.t., S.t., and S.f.	Agar well and disc diffusion method	Chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and ampicillin	NM	[3]
11	SD	Essential oil	E.c., P.a., S.a., B.s., A.n., and C.a.	Filter paper disc diffusion technique	Ampicillin and miconazole nitrate	10 𝜇L/disk	[113]
12	SD	Ethanol, methanol, and aqueous extracts	E.c., K.p., P.v., E.a., Sa.t., B.c.,and S.a.	Agar well and disc diffusion method	Streptomycin	NM	[4]
13	SD	Essential oil	E.c., P.a., S.a., C.a.,and A.n.	Cylinder-plate diffusion method	NS	0.25 to 2.0%	[147]
14	FT	Essential oils	S.a., B.c., P.a., E.c.,and C.a.	Disc paper and broth microdilution methods	NS	NM	[148]
15	SD	Methanol, ethanol, diethyl ether, and hexane extract	E.c., Sa.t., B.c., S.a., C.a.,and As.f.	Filter paper disc diffusion technique	NS	7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 20 𝜇g/disk	[23]
16	LF, FL	Crude, chloroform, and methanol extract	E.c. and S.a.	Filter paper disc diffusion method	NS	NM	[93]
17	FT	Essential oil	HSV-1 and PI-3	Using Madin-Darby bovine kidney and Vero cell lines	Acyclovir	0.025 to 0.8 𝜇g/mL	[5]
18	LF	Essential oil	S.a., E.c., K.p., P.a., S.e., C.a. and P.m., A.n.,and F.o.	Filter paper disc diffusion method	Gentamicin, amoxicillin, and nystatin	5 𝜇L/disk	[94]
19	ST, LF	Hexane extract	M.t.	96-well sterile microtiter plate assay	NS	200 𝜇g/mL	[63]
20	SD	Essential oil	S.a., E.c., K.p.,and P.a.	Agar well diffusion method	Imipenem	50 𝜇L/well	[149]
21	SD	Essential oil	S.a., E.c., S.c.,and St.f.	Filter paper disc diffusion method	Amoxicillin	10, 50, 100 𝜇L/mL	[150]
22	SD	Essential oil	S.a., B.s., B.m., B.c., S.l., S.h., Sa.t., S.d., S.s., Sh.s., S.b., E.c.,and P.a.	Filter paper disc diffusion method	Streptomycin	1 𝜇g/mL	[151]
23	FT	Essential oil	C.a.	Agar well and filter paper disc diffusion method	Fluconazole and nystatin	25 𝜇L/well and 15 𝜇L/disc	[152]
24	SD	Methanolic extract	E.c., P.a., S.a., and B.p.	Agar diffusion method	Chloramphenicol and ampicillin	NM	[7]
25	SD	Aqueous and alcoholic; extracts	A.a., M.r.,and A.f.	Agar well diffusion method	NS	NM	[98]

aAP: aerial part, FL: flower, FT: fruit, LF: leaf, RT: root, SD: seed, ST: stem, and TW: twig.
^b𝐴.𝑎.: Alternaria alternate, A.f.: Alcaligenes faecalis, As.f.: Aspergillus flavus, A.n.: Aspergillus niger, A.r.t.: Agrobacterium radiobacter pv. tumefaciens, B.c.: Bacillus cereus, B.m.: Bacillus megaterium, B.p.: Bacillus pumilus, B.s.: Bacillus subtilis, C.a.: Candida albicans, C.t.: Candida tropicalis, E.a.: Enterobacter aerogenes, Er.c.: Erwinia carotovora, E.c.: Escherichia coli, E.f.: Enterococcus faecalis, F.o.: Fusarium oxysporum, F.s.: Fusarium solani, K.p.: Klebsiella pneumonia, M.c.: Mycobacterium chelonae, M.l.: Micrococcus luteus, M.r.: Mucor rouxii, M.s.: Mycobacterium smegmatis, M.t.: Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294, M.x.: Mycobacterium xenopi, P.a.: Pseudomona aeruginosa, P.f.: Pseudomonas fluorescens, P.g.: Pseudomonas glycinea, P.m.: Phytopathogenic molds, P.p.: Pseudomonas putida, P.s.: Pseudomonas syringae, P.v.: Proteus vulgaris, R.s.: Rhizoctonia solani, Rh.s.: Rhizopus solani, S.a.: Staphylococcus aureus, S.b.: Shigella boydii, S.c.: Staphylococcus coagulase, S.d.: Shigella dysenteriae, S.e.: Salmonella enteritidis, S.e.: Staphylococcus epidermidis, S.f.: Shigella flexneri, St.f.: Streptococcus faecalis, S.h.: Streptococcus haemolyticus, S.l.: Sarcina lutea, S.s.: Shigella shiga, S.t.: Salmonella typhimurium, Sa.t.: Salmonella typhi, and Sh.s.: Shigella sonnei. HSV-1: herpes simplex virus 1 as a representative of DNA viruses and PI-3: parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3) as representative of RNA viruses.
NS: no reference standard employed and NM: not mentioned.