Arthroscopic Treatment of Chronic Cruciate Ligament Rupture in the Dog without Stifle Stabilization: 13 Cases (2001-2020)

Figure 3

Arthroscopic images from a 6-year-old male intact German Shepherd Dog with severe osteoarthritis and synovial effusion in which arthroscopy was used as management for CR. Synovitis was graded based on previously published guidelines [15]. These images represent severe hypertrophy, vascularity, and synovitis. (a) Inflamed synovial membrane with enlarged synovial villae, (b) arthroscopic view of the medial aspect of the intercondylar notch, and (c) medial femoro-tibial joint with a chronic meniscal tear. Note: SM: synovial membrane; MFC: medial femoral condyle; MM: medial meniscus.

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(b)

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