The First Harmonic of Radial Pulse as an Early Predictor of Silent Coronary Artery Disease and Adverse Cardiac Events in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Table 2
Quartile of the first harmonic of the radial pulse wave as a risk for primary and secondary composite heart endpoints in 1968 type 2 diabetic patients without CAD history and angina-related symptoms. Primary composite endpoints combined the adverse heart events, including new onset of heart failure, myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular-cause mortality. Secondary composite endpoints combined the new onset of left ventricular dysfunction (LVEF < 50%) and the new onset of symptoms and signs of coronary artery disease.
Endpoint
C1, first harmonic of the radial pulse wave
<0.89
0.89 to 0.96
0.96 to 1.07
>1.07
for trend
for trend#
Primary composite endpoints
Patients, (%)
37 (7.5%)
51 (10.4%)
69 (14.0%)
82 (16.7%)
Hazard ratio (95% CI)
1
1.39 (0.91–2.12)
1.90 (1.28–2.84)
2.29 (1.55–3.37)
<0.001
<0.001
Heart failure
Patients, (%)
15 (3.0%)
17 (3.5%)
24 (4.9%)
33 (6.7%)
Hazard ratio (95% CI)
1
1.13 (0.57–2.27)
1.61 (0.84–3.06)
2.22 (1.21–4.09)
<0.01
<0.05
Myocardial infarction
Patients, (%)
24 (4.9%)
37 (7.5%)
49 (10.0%)
57 (11.6%)
Hazard ratio (95% CI)
1
1.56 (0.93–2.60)
2.08 (1.28–3.39)
2.44 (1.51–3.93)
<0.001
<0.001
Cardiovascular-cause mortality
Patients, (%)
2 (0.4%)
0 (0%)
2 (0.4%)
2 (0.4%)
Hazard ratio (95% CI)
1
1.00 (0.14–7.09)
1.00 (0.14–7.09)
NS
NS
Secondary composite endpoints
Patients, (%)
53 (10.8%)
81 (16.5%)
80 (16.3%)
104 (21.1%)
Hazard ratio (95% CI)
1
1.56 (1.11–2.21)
1.53 (1.08–2.17)
2.04 (1.46–2.83)
<0.001
<0.001
Left ventricular dysfunction (LVEF < 50%)
Patients, (%)
8 (1.6%)
11 (2.2%)
16 (3.3%)
16 (3.3%)
Hazard ratio (95% CI)
1
1.38 (0.56–3.44)
2.01 (0.86–4.71)
2.01 (0.86–4.70)
<0.1
<0.05
Symptoms and signs of coronary artery disease
Patients, (%)
51 (10.4%)
75 (15.2%)
75 (15.2%)
100 (20.3%)
Hazard ratio (95% CI)
1
1.49 (1.05–2.13)
1.49 (1.04–2.12)
2.03 (1.45–2.84)
<0.001
<0.001
The reference group for hazard ratio is the first quartile of C1 (<0.89). NS = nonsignificant. for trend controlling for age, sex, smoke, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and Hba1c.
