| | Study | Country | Study design | Treatment approach | No. of patients | Gender (M/F) | Age | Follow-up (months) | Primary outcome | | Ablation | Medical | Ablation | Medical | Ablation | Medical | Ablation | Medical |
| | MacDonald, 2011 | UK | RCT | PVI and substrate modification | β-blockers and/or digoxin | 22 | 19 | 17/5 | 15/4 | 62.3 ± 6.7 | 64.4 ± 8.3 | >6 | LVEF, 6MWT, MLHFQ | | Jones, 2013 | UK | RCT | PVI and substrate modification | β-blockers and/or digoxin | 26 | 26 | 21/5 | 24/2 | 64 ± 10 | 62 ± 9 | 12 | LVEF, 6MWT, MLHFQ, mortality, complications | | Hunter, 2014 | UK | RCT | PVI and substrate modification | β-blockers | 26 | 24 | 25/1 | 23/1 | 55 ± 12 | 60 ± 10 | 12 | LVEF, MLHFQ, mortality, complications | | Di Biase, 2016 | US | RCT | PVI and substrate modification | Amiodarone | 102 | 101 | 77/25 | 74/27 | 47 ± 4.2 | 48 ± 4.9 | 24 | LVEF, 6MWT, MLHFQ, mortality | | Geng, 2017 | China | RCT | PVI and substrate modification | β-blockers and/or digoxin | 90 | 90 | 45/45 | 41/49 | 64.7 ± 9.4 | 65.4 ± 11.4 | 12 | Mortality, complications | | Prabhu, 2017 | Australia | RCT | PVI and substrate modification | β-blockers and/or digoxin | 33 | 33 | 31/2 | 29/4 | 59 ± 11 | 62 ± 9.4 | 6 | LVEF, 6MWT, complications | | Marrouche, 2018 | US | RCT | PVI and substrate modification | Rate or rhythm control | 179 | 184 | 156/23 | 155/29 | 64 (56 − 71) | 64(56 − 73.5) | >6 | LVEF, 6MWT, mortality, complications | | Prabhu, 2018 | Australia | RCT | PVI and substrate modification | β-blockers and/or digoxin | 18 | 18 | — | — | 59 ± 13 | 63 ± 7.1 | 6 | LVEF, complications | | Kuck, 2019 | Germany | RCT | PVI and substrate modification | Rate or rhythm control | 68 | 72 | 60/8 | 66/8 | 68 ± 8 | 65 ± 8 | 12 | LVEF, 6MWT, MLHFQ |
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