Prevalence and Risk Factors of Postprocedure Depression in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation after Radiofrequency Ablation
Table 1
Baseline characteristics.
Total, N = 428
Without PPD, N = 356
With PPD, N = 72
values
Age, years old
67.0 (61.0–73.0)
67.5 (62.0–73.0)
66.5 (59.0–71.0)
0.04
Male, n (%)
256 (59.8)
215 (60.4)
41 (56.9)
0.59
Married, n (%)
400 (93.5)
333 (93.5)
67 (93.1)
1.00
Occupation, n (%)
On the job
68 (15.9)
51 (14.3)
17 (23.6)
0.13
Retire
336 (78.5)
286 (80.3)
50 (69.4)
Others
24 (5.6)
19 (5.3)
5 (6.9)
Residence, n (%)
Town
102 (23.8)
87 (24.4)
15 (20.8)
0.51
City
326 (76.2)
269 (75.6)
57 (79.2)
Education, n (%)
Postgraduate
8 (1.9)
5 (1.4)
3 (4.2)
0.33
Bachelor’s degree
100 (23.4)
80 (22.5)
20 (27.8)
Secondary school
250 (58.4)
213 (59.8)
37 (51.4)
Primary school
70 (16.4)
58(16.3)
12 (16.7)
Body weight, n (%)
68.0 (60.0–75.8)
67.0 (59.3–75.0)
70.0 (63.5–80.0)
0.05
Hypertension, n (%)
227 (53.0)
182 (51.1)
45 (62.5)
0.08
Diabetes
72 (16.8)
58 (16.30)
14 (19.4)
0.51
CHD, n (%)
69 (16.1)
51 (14.3)
18 (25.0)
0.03
CVD, n (%)
29 (6.8)
27 (7.6)
2 (2.8)
0.22
Smoking, n (%)
54 (12.6)
43 (12.1)
11 (15.3)
0.46
Drinking, n (%)
34 (7.9)
29 (8.1)
5 (6.9)
0.73
Payment by medical insurance, n (%)
336 (78.5)
280 (78.7)
56 (77.8)
0.87
Symptom grade
EHRA I
127 (29.7)
107 (30.1)
20 (27.8)
0.47
EHRA II
193 (45.2)
162 (45.6)
31 (43.1)
EHRA III
104 (24.4)
83 (23.4)
21 (29.2)
EHRA IV
3 (0.7)
3 (0.8)
0 (0.0)
Frequency of AF attack, n (%)
Occasionally
208 (48.6)
167 (46.9)
41 (56.9)
0.20
Sometimes
110 (25.7)
96 (27.0)
14 (19.4)
Frequently
110 (25.7)
93 (26.1)
17 (23.6)
Ways of caring
No accompanying
32 (7.5)
25 (7.0)
7 (9.7)
0.17
Nanny’s
8 (1.9)
8 (2.2)
0 (0.0)
Family member’s
388 (90.7)
323 (90.7)
65 (90.3)
Preprocedure ASA grade
I
110 (25.7)
89 (25.0)
21 (29.2)
0.44
II
297 (69.4)
249 (69.9)
48 (66.7)
III
21 (4.9)
18 (5.1)
3 (4.2)
Intraoperative ECV, times
1 (0-1)
1 (0-1)
1 (0-1)
0.88
Complication, n (%)
14 (3.3)
11 (3.1)
3 (4.2)
0.92
Procedure time, minutes
243.0 (200.0–292.0)
243.0 (200.0–292.0)
241.5 (210.0–292.0)
0.60
Ablation time, seconds
3369.0 (2543.3–4164.0)
3360.5 (2592.5–4200.0)
3420.0 (2472.8–4125.0)
0.69
X-ray time, seconds
448.0 (318.5–628.5)
451.0(323.0–62 8.5)
422.0(317.0–61 3.8)
0.61
X-ray dose, mGy
41.0 (29.0–63.0)
39.5 (28.3–60.0)
47.0 (31.0–71.5)
0.04
Subtypes of AF, n (%)
PAF
260 (60.7)
211 (59.3)
49 (68.1)
0.16
PsAF
168 (39.3)
145 (40.7)
23 (31.9)
Mapping system
Carto
342 (79.9)
283 (79.5)
59 (81.9)
0.64
Rhythmia
86 (20.1)
73 (20.5)
13 (18.1)
Preprocedure anxiety score
7 (5–9)
7 (5–9)
7 (5–9)
0.64
Preprocedure anxiety, n (%)
143 (33.4)
123 (34.6)
20 (27.8)
0.27
Preprocedure depression score
6.0 (3.0–7.0)
6.0 (3.0–7.0)
6.5 (5.0–7.0)
0.04
Preprocedure depression, n (%)
83 (19.4)
73 (20.5)
10 (13.9)
0.20
CD-RISC
63 (60–65)
63 (60–65)
64 (60–65)
0.91
Strength
21 (20–23)
21 (20–23)
21 (19–22)
0.16
Optimism
11 (10–12)
11 (10–12)
11 (10–12)
0.17
Tenacity
30 (29–33)
30 (29–33)
31 (29–33)
0.45
OAA/S score
Before giving sedative
5 (5-5)
5 (5-5)
5 (5-5)
0.50
During ablation
5 (5-5)
5 (5-5)
5 (4-5)
0.52
When ablating at the specific position
5 (4-5)
5 (4-5)
4 (4-5)
0.03
When pulling out the catheter sheath
5 (5-5)
5 (5-5)
5 (5-5)
0.027
Postprocedure
5 (5-5)
5 (5-5)
5 (5-5)
0.17
Pain scores
Before giving sedative
2 (2-3)
2 (2-3)
2 (2-2)
0.60
During ablation
4 (3–5)
4 (3–5)
4 (3–5)
0.49
When ablating at the specific position
5 (4–6)
5 (4–6)
5 (4–6)
0.96
When pulling out the catheter sheath
3 (2–4)
3 (2–4)
2 (2–3.8)
0.50
Postprocedure
2 (1-2)
2 (1-2)
1 (1-2)
0.41
PPD, postprocedure depression; AF, atrial fibrillation; CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; EHRA, European Heart Rhythm Association; ECV, electrocardioversion; OAA/S, observer’s assessment of alertness/sedation scale; PAF, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; PsAF, persistent atrial fibrillation; CD-RISC, Connor–Davidson resilience scale; CAS, conscious analgesia and sedation. The specific position was defined as the ablation site of the posterior and inferior wall of the left atrium.
