Environmental Impact Analysis of Hub-and-Spoke Network Operation

<table class="table-group" id="tab7"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="3"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left">Pollutant emissions and fuel consumption</td><td class="align_left">Climbing and descending stages (kg)</td><td class="align_left">Cruise phase (kg)</td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="3"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">CO emission</td><td class="align_center">1.13 <i>E</i> + 8</td><td class="align_center">6.64 <i>E</i> + 8</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">HC emission</td><td class="align_center">9.47 <i>E</i> + 6</td><td class="align_center">1.06 <i>E</i> + 8</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">NO<sub>x</sub> emission</td><td class="align_center">3.15 <i>E</i> + 8</td><td class="align_center">1.05 <i>E</i> + 9</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Fuel consumption</td><td class="align_center">3.44 <i>E</i> + 6</td><td class="align_center">2.00 <i>E</i> + 8</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="3"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

<div>Point-to-point network pollutant emissions and fuel consumption.</div>

Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

tab7

Table 7

Table 7: Environmental Impact Analysis of Hub-and-Spoke Network Operation 