Comparative Study of Swarm-Based Algorithms for Location-Allocation Optimization of Express Depots

Table 3

Average cost over 30 runs and standard deviate for PSO, DE, ABC, and LDES using RPK and TES encoding scheme.

Encoding scheme	Average cost (standard deviation)
	PSO	DE	ABC	LDES
RPK	17.23 (0.74)	15.95 (0.05)	15.54 (0.4)	15.96 (0.09)
TES	21.71 (1.39)	19.35 (0.61)	17.53 (0.52)	18.82 (0.52)
Improvement	20.64%	17.57%	11.38%	15.20%