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Reference | Study model | Constituents | Laboratory findings |
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| Renovascular hypertensive rat | NS oil (i.p.) 0.2 mL/kg | ↓ SBP, tissue MDA, luminol, and lucigenin CL ↑ tissue Na+ and K+-ATPase ↓ plasma CK, LDH, and ADMA ↑ plasma NO |
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| Rat | (a) NS oil (i.v.) 4–32 μL/kg (b) TQ (i.v.) 0.2–1.6 mg/kg | ↓ arterial BP and heart rate (dose dependent) |
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| Guinea pig | NS oil (i.v.) 4–32 μL/kg | ↓ arterial BP and heart rate (dose dependent) |
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| Rat | (a) De-TQ volatile oil (i.v.) 2–16 μL/kg (b) α-pinene (i.v.) 1–4 μL/kg (c) p-cymene (i.v.) 2–16 μL/kg | ↓ arterial BP and heart rate (dose dependent) *De-TQ volatile oil and p-cymene: 4, 8, and 16 μL/kg *α-pinene: 2 and 4 μL/kg |
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| Rat | Thymol (in vitro) | ↓ aortic contraction (dose dependent) |
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| Canine and guinea pig | Thymol (in vitro) | Negative inotropic action (dose dependent) |
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| Spontaneously hypertensive rat | NS seed extract (p.o.) 0.6 mL/kg | ↑ diuresis ↓ arterial BP |
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| Spontaneously hypertensive rat | NS extract (p.o.)
| ↓ SBP ↑ GFR, urinary, and electrolyte output |
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| L-NAME-induced hypertensive rat | TQ (p.o.) 0.5 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg | ↓ SBP and serum creatinine ↑ kidney GSH |
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| L-NAME-induced hypertensive rat | NS seed extract (p.o.) 400 mg/kg | ↓ arterial BP, SBP, DBP, and serum LDH ↑ serum NO |
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| Patients with mild hypertension | NS seed extract (p.o.) 100 mg twice per day, 200 mg twice per day | ↓ SBP and DBP (dose dependent) ↓ total and LDL cholesterol |
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