Ampelopsis Radix Protects Dopaminergic Neurons against 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium/1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-Induced Toxicity in Parkinson’s Disease Models In Vitro and In Vivo

Figure 1

Protective effects of AJW against MPP⁺-induced toxicity in primary dopaminergic neurons. Cells were treated with AJW at 0.1, 1 μg/mL, or vehicle for 1 h before exposure to 12 μM MPP⁺ for 23 h. The numbers of TH-positive neurons were counted (a), and the representative images are shown ((b)–(e)). Control group (b), MPP⁺-only treated group (c), MPP⁺ + AJW 0.1 μg/mL treated group (d), and MPP⁺ + AJW 1 μg/mL treated group (e). Scale bar = 100 μm. Values are indicated as the mean ± SEM. ***𝑃<0.001 compared with the control group, ^##𝑃<0.01 compared with the MPP⁺-only treated group.

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