HIV infected adults with moderate CVD risk, 83% with hypertension, 18–70 yrs., 47% male, most on multiple medications related to HIV status and CVD risk including BP meds, unclear control of changes in BP meds during study
P, M, B; Ashtanga Vinyasa; encouraged to practice at least one time per week at home/no homework compliance measures [1]
Underactive, overweight adults, with metabolic syndrome, 30–65 yrs., 25% males, 59% on at least one BP med., no reported control for BP meds during study
P, M, B; “Restorative” warm up of stretches and breathing exercises followed by 10 poses. Home practice: 3x week for 30 minutes each/home diary for compliance [1]
Hypertensive adults, 22–69 yrs., 50% males, none on BP meds by exclusion at recruitment
P, M, B; Iyengar yoga. Home practice during weeks 6–12 one time per day for 25 minutes/home diary for compliance [1]
Enhanced usual care; motivational and behavioral components of life style modifications, for example, reduction of weight and ingestion of sodium and alcohol [3]
Hypertensive adults, age range not reported/mean = 56 yrs., 35% male, none on BP meds by exclusion at recruitment, controlled for those who began BP meds by dropping from study
P, M, B; unspecified type of yoga it appears to be independent practice rather than classes using booklets based on yogic principles for guidance. No information about training in yoga practice. As appears that all practice was at home (no group classes)—no additional home practice [1]
Hypertensive adults, 24–60 yrs., 51% male, none on BP meds by exclusion at recruitment, no reported control for BP meds during study
P, M, B; multimodality program. Hatha yoga plus progressive relaxation and autogenic training for 8 weeks followed by 10 months of independent practice 2x day with cassette tape. All practice was at home except first 8 weeks so no additional home practice [3]
Education about stress and hypertension. Relaxation in comfortable chair [3]
1x wk/60 mins/8 wks plus home practice of 7x/wk/30 mins/40 wks
Hypertensive adults, 34–75 yrs., 38% male, 94% on BP meds at enrollment, no reported control for BP meds during study
Not reported if P, M, B; multimodality, unspecified type of yoga. Yoga plus education regarding hypertension, “yoga relaxation methods,” “transcendental meditation,” and skin resistance biofeedback. “Instructed to practice relaxation and meditation twice per day.” No homework compliance measures [3]
Young pre- and hypertensive adults, age range not reported/mean of all groups 22 yrs., 67% male, BP meds status not a recruitment criterion and not reported
P, B; unspecified type of yoga; postures and breath practices as per reference to previous paper. It appears that only practice is home practice “encouraged to practice yoga.” No compliance measures reported [2]
No treatment [1] walking program [2], reduction of salt intake [3]
Young pre- and hypertensive adults, age range not reported/mean of all groups 23 yrs., 65% male, BP meds status not a recruitment criterion and not reported
P, B; unspecified type of yoga; postures and breath practices as per reference to previous paper. It appears that only practice is home practice “encouraged to practice yoga.” No compliance measures reported [2]
No treatment [1] walking program [2], reduction of salt intake [3]
Hypertensive adults, 45–65 yrs., 53% male, 100% on BP medication
P, M, B; Yoga Nidra: it begins with single sitting pose and single breath exercise followed by 45 mins of corpse pose meditation led by instructor. No home practice as this occurred 2x/day [1]
Usual care, in this case, continued medication [1]
Adults, hypertension status not described (although mean BP values suggest pre-hypertension of both groups), yoga group 30–60 yrs., age of control group not reported, 60% male in yoga group, gender not reported in control group, BP meds status and recruitment criterion not reported
P, M; unspecified type of yoga, Surya Namaskar + “Sharir Sanchalan”, and “Bhajan Cassette” No home practice as this occurred daily [2]
Adults with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, 39% with known hypertension, (mean BP values across groups suggest pre-hypertension) 18–80 yrs., 47% male, BP meds not a recruitment criteria but reported and controlled for during the interventions
P, M, B: iyengar: home practice encouraged with DVD provided but no compliance measures for homework [1]
Wait list control, same participants for yoga and control group [1]
Hypertensive adults, age range not reported/mean(SD) yoga group = 67 (7) and control group = 62 (12) yrs., 15% male, majority of participants on blood pressure medication, meds controlled for in study
P, M, B; Unspecified type of yoga, although reference for asanas is Iyengar text; Pranayama, then asana, end with breathing meditation [1]
Hypertensive adults, age range not reported/mean = 57 yrs., 31% male, 64% on BP meds at enrollment, no reported control for BP meds during study
Not reported if P, M, B; Multimodality, unspecified type of yoga. Yoga plus “psychophysical relaxation exercise based on yogic principles and reinforced by bio-feedback instruments.” No home practice [3]
Hypertensive adults, 100% male, age range not reported/groups divided by age with mean of yoga 50 yrs. and mean of control group 34 yrs., BP meds gradually withdrawn on all participants prior to study onset
P; Unspecified type of yoga; described several specific asanas. No homework practice [1]
Frequency/time in class not reported. Class sessions occurred over 3 weeks
NR
S
NR
Yoga intervention categorization: P: postures; B: breathing; M: meditation; 1 = P + M + B, 2 = any 2 of these or less; 3 = (±P ±M ±B) ± other interventions. Comparison group categorization: 1 = no intervention or usual care, 2 = exercise or exercise + additional intervention, 3 = nonexercise intervention.
BP:blood pressure: measurement methods: S: sphygmomanometer; M: machine; Am: ambulatory blood pressure, and NR: not reported. Males within study based on enrollment data, if not available, data of participants that completed study was used. Adverse event: NR: not reported; PC: per personal communication with corresponding author. Number of participants at completion not reported/estimate assumes 100% completion.
