Cannabinoid Effects on Experimental Colorectal Cancer Models Reduce Aberrant Crypt Foci (ACF) and Tumor Volume: A Systematic Review

Table 3

Summary of main outcomes.

Author, year	Decrease in ACF formation	Decrease in the number of tumors	Mean tumor volume		Decrease in tumor volume	Main reaction, pathway or function modified by cannabinoids	Increase in endocannabinoid levels	Increase in expression of apoptosis markers	Changes in expression of proinflammatory markers
			Control	Experimental
Aviello, et al. 2012 [7]	CBD: 1 mg/kg 33.3%; CBD: 5; mg/kg 33.3%	CBD: 1 mg/kg 55.5%; CBD: 5; mg/kg 22.2%	N/A	N/A	N/A	Apoptosis, antiproliferative effect	2-AG; Anandamide	Increased expression of caspase 3	No significant changes in cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and inducible oxide nitric synthase (iNOS) expression
Borrelli, et al. 2014 [38]	N/A	N/A	(2500 ± 414 mm^3)	(1367 ± 243 mm^3)	45.3%	Apoptosis, antiproliferative effect	N/A	Increased expression of caspase 3; Increased expression of caspase 7	Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) only in CRC cells (Caco-2 cells)
Izzo, et al. 2008 [35]	AA-5HT: 50.8%; VDM11 : 37.5%HU210 : 60.2%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Apoptosis	2-AG; Anandamide	Increased expression of caspase 3	N/A
Kargl, et al. 2013 [28]	N/A	30%	N/A	N/A	50%	Apoptosis	N/A	Increased expression of annexin V/PI	Decreased phosphorylation of NFκβ; Decreased phosphorylation of STAT3; ^†Decreased expression of TNF-α
Pagano, et al. 2017 [56]	N/A	N/A	(1980 ± 269 mm^3)	(956 ± 180 mm^3)	52%	Angiogenesis	2-AG	N/A	N/A
Romano, et al. 2014 [8]	86%	40% no statistical significance achieved	(1130 ± 171.6 mm^3)	(755 ± 124 mm^3)	33.18%	Antiproliferative effect	N/A	N/A	N/A
Santoro, et al. 2009 [57]	75.4%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Mitotic catastrophe	N/A	N/A	N/A
Thapa, et al. 2012 [58]	N/A	N/A	(507 ± 51 mm^3)	(271 ± 33 mm^3)	46.5%	Angiogenesis	N/A	N/A	N/A

CBD: cannabidiol, N/A: not applicable. Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. ^†Tumor necrosis factor-alpha.