Since the first report on the primo vascular system (PVS) by Dr. Bong-Han Kim in 1962, there has been significant progress in research on the system. The PVS is a newly found circulatory system, which is independent of the blood or lymphatic systems. Identification, harvesting, and characterization of the system have been a major challenge due to its small size and transparent optical properties. Nevertheless, recent increased interest has led to new research and new discoveries in the anatomical and functional aspects of the PVS.

In this special issue, we will gather and share information on some of the novel imaging techniques developed for PVS identification and harvesting, newly identified PVS functions, and study results on PVS in connection with meridian or acupuncture.

With this in mind, we welcome your contributions of original research and review articles.

Potential topics include, but are not limited to:

• Functional aspects of PVS in connection with acupuncture and/or other complementary and alternative medicine modalities
• Anatomical relationship between PVS and meridians/acupoints
• Novel imaging techniques for identifying PVS, e.g., optical, X-ray, atomic force, electron, and ion conductance microscopy
• Analyses of electrical, optical, physical, and chemical properties of PVS.
• Biological functions of PVS, e.g., immune functions, signaling, and regeneration.
• Changes in PVS during the progression and treatment (traditional and/or complementary and alternative) of diseases, including cancer, obesity, and anemia