In some extreme sports, internal hemorrhage and external bleeding can occur, such as car and motorcycle racing, boat rowing and yachting, skiing, wave surfing, rock and ice climbing, boxing and free fighting, and paragliding and winged flight, among others. According to differences in damaged tissues, sports injuries can be divided into internal damage, such as soft tissue contusion, fracture, joint dislocation, or concussion, and external bleeding. According to whether the wound is in contact with the outside world, they are divided into open and closed injuries. External bleeding should be first stopped, and fractures should be fixed in time. Internal hemorrhage can be significantly dangerous since the rupture of blood vessels cannot be directly treated.

First-aid treatment after the rupture of blood vessels should be based on the bleeding site, the form of bleeding, and the amount of bleeding to reduce the harm of bleeding to people. Puncture drainage can be considered for intracranial hemorrhage, or a craniotomy can be performed, if necessary, as this is very effective at relieving the pressure in the cranial cavity and preventing the formation of cerebral uncal and tonsillar herniation. In the case of intrathoracic hemorrhage, the patient can be treated with a combination of thoracentesis and intravenous hemostasis. If the site of bleeding is in the abdominal cavity, emergency measures to control bleeding such as abdominal paracentesis and, if necessary, laparotomy can also be considered. In all these situations, novel medical apparatus and medicines can be used for the emergency treatment of massive internal hemorrhage in sports. New methods and mechanisms should be investigated, since internal hemorrhage caused during sports can be fatal. In addition, difficult airway management (DAM) is important when treating massive maxillo-facial injuries (MFIs). For external bleeding, timely disinfection and blood transfusion are also required. Novel applications may evaluate the roles of pre-hospital mobile intensive care units (ICU) and operation theatres. Frequently used medical apparatus and techniques include resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA), hemostatic tourniquet, compression tourniquets (such as torso or abdominal aortic) and hemostatic dressing. Novel medical apparatus may include small and freely adjustable tourniquets, Internet of Things (IoT) equipment, instant heating or cooling devices, remote surgical equipment, or real-time imaging systems.

The aim of this Special Issue is to gather original research and review articles focusing on various topics related to medical apparatus and medicine for the emergency treatment of massive hemorrhage. Both new protocols and improved methods with the application of new technologies are welcome.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Fibrous tissue fracture and rupture of blood vessels in organs
• Capillary rupture of subcutaneous tissue
• Cerebral uncal and tonsillar herniation
• Novel medical apparatus and medicines for massive internal hemorrhage
• Novel medical apparatus and medicines for massive external bleeding
• First aid for cytokine storms and other emergency body responses
• Methods for thoracentesis and intravenous hemostasis
• Novel medicines for controlling bleeding, such as abdominal paracentesis
• New methods and mechanisms relative to massive hemorrhage in sports
• Clinical reports and animal studies
• In vivo, in vitro and in silico analysis of novel medicines