The Contributive Role of IGFBP-3 and Mitochondria in Synoviocyte-Induced Osteoarthritis through Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury: A Pathogenesis-Focused Literature Review

Figure 1

Schematic representation of the differences between (a) a healthy joint and (b) an osteoarthritic joint (reprinted from Glyn-Jones et al. [5] and reused with permission from Elsevier under license number 4820090120408). (a) In a healthy condition, chondrocytes produce substances that provide lubrication and reduce friction during joint articulation. (b) In osteoarthritic state, the joint changes pathologically due to alterations of multiple cell types and there is activation of synovial macrophages. Abbreviations: ADAMTS = a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin-like motifs; IL = interleukin; MMP = matrix metalloproteinase; TNF = tumor necrosis factor; IFN = interferon; IGF = insulin-like growth factor; TGF = transforming growth factor; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor.

(a)

(b)