The Contributive Role of IGFBP-3 and Mitochondria in Synoviocyte-Induced Osteoarthritis through Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury: A Pathogenesis-Focused Literature Review

Table 2

Major histopathological features of the four patterns of OA-associated synoviopathy in comparison to each other and to normal synovium (adapted from Oehler et al. [38]).

	Normal	Hyperplastic synoviopathy	Inflammatory synoviopathy	Fibrotic synoviopathy	Detritus-rich synoviopathy
Villous hyperplasia	−	++(+)	++(+)	++(+)	++(+)
Synovial lining—proliferation	−	+	++	++	++(+)
Synovial lining—activation	−	+	++	+	+
Fibrinous exudate	−	−	(+)	+	++(+)
Capsular fibrosis	−	−	(+)	+++	+++
(Macromolecular) cartilage and bone debris	−	−	(+)	−	+++
Granulocytic infiltrate	−	−	−	−	+
Lymphoplasmocellular infiltrate—diffuse	−	−	++	(+)	+(+)
Lymphoplasmocellular infiltrate—aggregates/follicles	−	−	++	(+)	(+)
Stage of the disease		Early stage	Early and late stage	Late stage	Late stage

Note: −: negative; +: positive; ++: moderate; +++: excessive; (+): activated. Bold data indicate key diagnostic criteria.