Using biomass and waste has been suggested as a solution to address environmental pollution and to supply energy resources. Advancements in modern technology make it possible to convert waste, previously considered as a negative risk to the environment, into a practical energy source. Biomass conversion technologies have a dual-function benefit; they can contribute to a practical action plan to tackle environmental pollution, help broaden the energy mix, and reduce the reliance on fossil-based sources for energy production.

Previously, bioenergy from biomass and waste materials would be converted through thermochemical and biological methods. Biorefinery and biochemical companies have the potential to further develop in several fields, including the conversion of biomass to biofuels, biomaterials, and biochemical products. Biomass conversion has increasingly become an area of focus in the mitigation of climate change, thus recently a 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to the concept of rechargeable Li-ion batteries. Human well-being and development are highly dependent on a clean environment and sustainable production of clean energy. In other words, a synergy is formed between the environment of our habitat and energy sources. The current challenge in the field is converting biomass into bioenergy/biofuels and finding other sustainable and renewable energy alternatives. Biomass is the most abundant resource on Earth and is mainly divided into cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. However, biomass is progressing from simple lignocellulosic to algae, oils, and some pollutants like carbon dioxide emissions.

The aim of this Special Issue is to solicit original research focusing on the development of biomass conversion. The Special Issue also hopes to highlight scientific and technological knowledge about industrially practical processes for the production of biofuels, biochemicals, and biomaterials from biomass aiming at mitigating climate change. Research specifically focused on separation strategies for biomass wastes and emerging biomass wastes by newly developed techniques such as catalytic chemistry technology, thermochemical conversion technology, and biochemical technologies is particularly encouraged. Review articles discussing the state of the art are also welcome.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Solid biofuels
• Liquid and gas biofuels
• Techno-economic and environmental evaluation
• Life-cycle analysis of the conversion process
• Policies on biofuel utilisation
• Transesterification of lipids to biodiesel
• Different biomass conversion approaches of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin into biofuels, biochemicals, and biomaterials
• Novel and practical analysis methods
• Design and development of novel catalysts for pyrolysis
• Practical pyrolysis reactor design
• Advanced modelling in thermodynamic models, machine learning, and molecular dynamics in biosystems
• Simulation model of biomass gasification
• The development, and optimisation of biomass combustion plants via CFD analysis