Do Behavioral Risk Factors for Prediabetes and Insulin Resistance Differ across the Socioeconomic Gradient? Results from a Community-Based Epidemiologic Survey
Table 3
Association (OR 95% CI) between diet quality, sleep duration, and physical activity and prediabetes (versus unaffected), by socioeconomic status level.
Education level
Income
Odds ratio 95% CIA
Odds ratio 95% CIA
<HS
HS or equiv.
College or equiv.
Postgrad
<$20,000
$20,000–$49,999
$50,000+
Individual factor
Model 1C: Total diet quality (lower tertile versus upper and middle tertiles)
1.57 0.29, 8.38]
0.98 0.40, 2.42
1.40 0.63, 3.12
0.81 0.46, 1.42
1.06 0.45, 2.50
1.07 0.54, 2.14
0.94 0.55, 1.61
Model 2: BMI (≥25 versus <25)
2.08 0.61, 7.06]
1.17 0.53, 2.62
1.31 0.60, 2.87
1.17 0.73, 1.88
1.08 0.55, 2.13
1.46 0.75, 2.83
1.23 0.73, 2.07
Model 3: Waist circumference, cm mean SE (Larger: ≥88 for women, ≥102 for men, versus smaller)
1.31 0.47, 3.70]
1.74 0.79, 3.86
1.90 0.99, 3.65
1.68 1.07, 2.62 B
0.97 0.45, 2.10
2.13 1.10, 4.10
1.88 1.22, 2.92
Model 4: Physical activity (low versus med/high)
2.37 0.70, 8.01]
1.29 0.62, 2.66
0.93 0.44, 1.98
1.09 0.62, 1.91
1.41 0.67, 2.97
1.20 0.57, 2.53
1.01 0.59, 1.73
Model 5: Sleep length/quality (low versus med/high)
2.36 0.87, 6.40]
1.00 0.50, 2.00
1.20 0.59, 2.43
1.19 0.74, 1.91
1.12 0.60, 2.10
0.93 0.49, 1.77
1.45 0.89, 2.35
Two factors
Low diet and sleep scores
3.43 0.49, 24.18]
0.60 0.19, 1.96
1.13 0.36, 3.50
0.94 0.36, 2.47
0.81 0.23, 2.87
1.47 0.48, 4.47
0.92 0.37, 2.28
Three factors
Low diet and sleep scores, plus low activity
2.83 0.24, 33.06]
1.64 0.37, 7.21
1.06 0.17, 6.48
2.80 0.34, 22.91
1.43 0.35, 5.77
2.75 0.28, 27.34
2.19 0.36, 13.38
Four factors
Low diet, sleep, activity, plus high BMI or waist (select the relevant one)
3.33 0.29, 38.89]
1.58 0.32, 7.74
0.89 0.09, 8.43
2.02 0.22, 18.66
1.33 0.33, 5.43
2.33 0.21, 25.44
2.33 0.25, 21.90
These analyses exclude 980 subjects with diabetes. AFrom multivariable models adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, smoking status, and family history of diabetes. BIn bold, . CDietary models are adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, total caloric intake, and family history of diabetes.
