Review Article

Comparative Effectiveness of Antidiabetic Drugs as an Additional Therapy to Metformin in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Metabolic Approaches

Table 2

Changes in different aspects of PCOS patients following different antidiabetic drugs as an add-on medication to metformin.

Pioglitazone [19]Pioglitazone [16]Rosiglitazone [20]Rosiglitazone [15]Rosiglitazone [26]Canagliflozin [32]
ControlInterventionControlInterventionControlInterventionControlInterventionControlInterventionControlIntervention
Met, 1000 mg/dayMet, 1000 mg/day + PGZ 30 mg/dayMet, 1500 mg/dayMet, 1500 mg/day + PGZ 30 mg/dayMet, 850 mg/dayMet, 850 mg/day + RSG 4 mg/dayMet, 1500 mg/dayMet, 1000 mg/day + RSG 4 mg/dayMet, 1500 mg/dayMet, 1500 mg/day + RSG 4 mg/dayMet, 2000 mg/dayMet, 2000 mg/day + CANA 100 mg/day
PrePost1PrePost1PrePost1PrePost1PrePost2PrePost2PrePost2PrePost2PrePost2PrePost2PrePost1PrePost1

Glycemic profileFBS (mg/dL)90.9 (7)91.6 (6.6)92.5 (5.8)92 (6.1)97.2 (9)91.8 (5.4)91.8 (9)90 (7.2)86.8 (2.4)84.4 (2.4)79.1 (2.9)84.7 (2.8)96.8 (7.4)91.6 (6.1)98.4 (7.9)92.5 (10.4)75.6 (18)73.8 (18)81 (14.4)70.2 (12.6)95.495.4102.693.6
HOMA-IR7.1 (3)3.9 (2)6.2 (2.6)3.8 (2.1)4.2 (2.7)2.3 (1.2)2.7 (1.8)1.6 (0.8)NRNRNRNR5.4 (1.9)3.6 (1.3)5.5 (2)3.6 (1.5)5 (1.9)2.9 (1.3)5.4 (2)2.2 (1.2)4.253.515.73.14

Anthropometric measuresBW (kg)76.7 (16.8)76.5 (16.3)75.7 (12.9)74.6 (12)71.3 (11.2)71 (12.8)72.6 (9.4)71.5 (9.8)62.1 (0.6)61.4 (0.3)62.1 (0.7)62.3 (0.4)70 (8)63.2 (7)70 (8.2)66.4 (8)NRNRNRNR74.7 (8.9)72.5 (10)81.2 (9.8)75.4 (8.7)
BMI30.1 (6.6)29.9 (6.5)28.8 (5.1)28.3 (4.6)27.5 (3.6)27.4 (4.4)28.5 (3.2)28 (3.4)24.6 (0.2)24.3 (0.1)24.6 (0.3)24.6 (0.1)27.7 (2)25 (1.8)27.3 (2.1)25.9 (2.2)NRNRNRNR29.3 (3.2)27.1 (3.5)31.1 (3)28.6 (2.9)
WC (cm)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR93.4 (7.2)89.5 (7.5)92.5 (7.5)90.2 (7)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
WHRNRNRNRNR0.83 (0.03)0.83 (0.04)0.82 (0.04)0.82 (0.05)0.8 (0.01)0.80.81 (0.01)0.80.93 (0.06)0.89 (0.06)0.93 (0.06)0.9 (0.06)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR

Lipid profileTG (mg/dL)NRNRNRNR140.3 (58.2)147 (78.9)131 (59.3)114.3 (78.5)NRNRNRNR160.1 (53.1)130 (53)162 (54)114.1 (60)327.4 (70.8)194.7 (62)327.4 (44.2)177 (53.1)131.8126.5136.3106.1
TC (mg/dL)NRNRNRNR215 (36.5)209.7 (37.2)196 (36.6)197 (35.6)NRNRNRNR175.3 (35.5)158.3 (42.4)173.7 (33.6)145.9 (29.3)NRNRNRNR183 (24.3)175.3 (20)189.2 (36)175.3 (30.9)
HDL-C (mg/dL)NRNRNRNR51.1 (12.1)52.9 (11)52.2 (12.2)55.7 (13.2)NRNRNRNR49.8 (7.34)57.1 (9.27)50.5 (10)53.3 (10.4)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
LDL-C (mg/dL)NRNRNRNR131.8 (26.7)127 (28)126.9 (33.5)124 (29.8)NRNRNRNR112.7 (30.5)86.5 (31.6)113.5 (22.4)85.7 (30.9)104.2 (11.6)88.8 (7.7)104.2 (11.6)73.3 (7.7)116.2 (20.8)109.2 (18.9)118.1 (37.4)109.2 (27)

Hormonal profileLH (IU/L)5.7 (3.7)4.9 (2.2)6.6 (4.49)5.1 (2.5)7.9 (2.3)6.3 (2.4)6.8 (2.7)6.4 (2.2)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR11.4 (2.1)4 (1.2)12.1 (2.2)3.2 (0.2)11.610.2710.88.59
FSH (IU/L)8.46.2 (3.8)8.7 (6.7)6.1 (3.8)5.2 (1.7)5.5 (1.4)5.6 (2.2)7 (2.2)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR3.5 (1.5)3.3 (1.6)3.6 (1.4)3.3 (1.4)6 (1.6)5.36 (1.9)6.6 (1.5)5.84 (2.2)
Prolactin (ng/mL)376.5 (185.4)261.2 (131.1)239.4 (136.6)199.4 (96.4)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Testosterone (ng/mL)0.32 (0.1)0.19 (0.09)0.28 (0.14)0.18 (0.07)0.7 (0.2)0.6 (0.18)0.6 (0.2)0.6 (0.1)1.1 (0.11)0.37 (0.04)1.9 (0.13)0.41 (0.06)0.66 (0.17)0.5 (0.18)0.65 (0.25)0.46 (0.19)0.57 (0.08)0.46 (0.08)0.57 (0.11)0.37 (0.11)0.890.710.950.53
DHEA-S (mg/L)NRNRNRNR1.5 (0.7)1.4 (0.5)1.4 (0.7)1.5 (0.8)3.3 (0.35)3 (0.39)2.9 (0.41)4.1 (0.51)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR

BPSBP (mmHg)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR123.9 (0.6)119.5 (0.7)123.2 (0.7)118.7 (0.8)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
DBP (mmHg)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR82.9 (0.6)81.4 (0.5)83.6 (0.7)81.5 (0.6)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR

Sitagliptin [21]Sitagliptin [24]Exenatide [22]Exenatide [27]Exenatide [29]
ControlInterventionControlInterventionControlInterventionControlInterventionControlIntervention
Met 1000 mg/dayMet, 1000 mg/day + SITA 100 mg/dayMet, 2000 mg/dayMet, 2000 mg/day + SITA 100 mg/dayMet, 2000 mg/dayMet, 2000 mg/day + EX 20 μg/dayMet, 1500 mg/dayMet, 1500 mg/day + EX 2 mg/weekMet, 2000 mg/dayMet, 2000 mg/day + EX 20 μg/day
PrePost3PrePost3PrePost1PrePost1PrePost2PrePost2PrePost1PrePost1PrePost1PrePost1

Glycemic profileFBS (mg/dL)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR93.6 (8.3)93.4 (9.2)93.8 (10.2)88.7 (8.4)NRNRNRNR
HOMA-IR4.09 (0.71)3.43 (0.47)3.86 (0.79)3.39 (0.61)6.1 (7.1)2.9 (1.8)3.1 (1.3)2.1 (1.5)6.03 (0.96)5.7 (0.7)4.3 (1)3.5 (0.7)4.49 (1.1)4.8 (2.1)5.3 (3)4.7 (1.5)NRNRNRNR

Anthropometric measuresBW (kg)NRNRNRNR101.2 (12.1)105.9 (13.7)100.4 (12.9)101.4 (14)113.4 (7)111.8 (6)112 (8)106.4 (6)79.1 (10.8)77.05 (9.75)82.34 (11.42)78.57 (10.94)80 (8.8)76 (10)83.2 (13)76.6 (13.2)
BMINRNRNRNR37.8 (4.7)39.5 (5)34.8 (5.4)35.1 (5.7)43.3 (2)42.3 (2)40.9 (2)39.2 (2)30.4 (3.16)29.63 (2.8)30.8 (3.41)29.4 (3.32)29.64 (3.6)28.2 (3.6)31.6 (4.67)29.17 (4.8)
WC (cm)NRNRNRNR106.8 (9.5)108.8 (12.8)105.3 (12.7)103.3 (12.5)NRNRNRNR96.6 (9.1)95 (8.1)97.3 (9.6)92.7 (8.7)NRNRNRNR
WHRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR

Lipid profileTG (mg/dL)NRNRNRNR115 (44.2)123.9 (44.2)132.7 (61.9)141.6 (70.8)155 (15)188 (17)135 (15)126 (17)150.4217.7115177137.1 (97.3)122.1 (11.5)176.1 (0.67)105.3 (49.5)
TC (mg/dL)NRNRNRNR185.3 (38.6)189.2 (42.4)189.2 (38.6)189.2 (42.4)188 (9)197 (9)212 (9)196 (9)198.8 (33.6)217.7 (34)190.7 (30.1)198 (38.2)177.2 (32)179.9 (7.7)181.8 (29.3)177.6 (25.4)
HDL-C (mg/dL)NRNRNRNR50.2 (7.7)54 (7.7)46.33 (7.7)50.2 (7.7)41.4 (2)39.7 (1.7)46.8 (2)46.1 (1.7)44 (8.5)56 (13.9)45.9 (9.2)55.6 (13.1)45.1 (5.8)47.8 (2.8)43.6 (6.3)43.2 (7.14)
LDL-C (mg/dL)NRNRNRNR112 (34.7)112 (34.7)115.8 (34.7)119.7 (30.9)115.6 (8)119.5 (8)139.2 (8)124.6 (8)130.5 (27.4)130.1 (30.1)124.3 (23.5)115 (32)116.6 (25.5)97.3 (14.6)129.7 (28.2)108.5 (19.7)

Hormonal profileLH (IU/L)NRNRNRNR6.4 (4.3)5.8 (2.7)7.9 (8.1)8.8 (14.5)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR7.8 (5.6)6.1 (2.6)7.5 (3.7)6.5 (2.2)
FSH (IU/L)4.99 (0.72)5.98 (0.96)5.31 (1.1)5.83 (0.88)3.6 (1.6)4.9 (2)5.5 (2.3)5.2 (3)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR6.3 (1.5)6.2 (1.8)6.4 (1.9)6.5 (1)
Prolactin (ng/mL)13.56 (0.45)14.7 (0.69)14.25 (0.69)15.63 (1.15)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Testosterone (ng/mL)NRNRNRNR0.51 (0.17)0.4 (0.17)0.37 (0.17)0.37 (0.2)0.56 (0.08)0.53 (0.07)0.59 (0.08)0.41 (0.07)0.78 (0.22)0.56 (0.2)0.74 (0.29)0.57 (0.25)0.63 (0.28)0.53 (0.23)0.67 (0.21)0.54 (0.27)
DHEA-S (mg/L)2.29 (0.72)0.66 (0.09)2.81 (1.18)0.58 (0.12)NRNRNRNR1.42 (0.19)1.61 (0.2)1.23 (0.2)1.21 (0.2)2.65 (1.2)2.61 (1.2)2.63 (1.2)2.61 (1.3)2.55 (1.1)2.46 (0.53)2.48 (0.81)2.34 (0.66)

BPSBP (mmHg)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
DBP (mmHg)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR

Saxagliptin [23]Saxagliptin [28]Liraglutide [25]Liraglutide [31]Beinaglutide [30]
ControlInterventionControlInterventionControlInterventionControlInterventionControlIntervention
Met, 2000 mg/dayMet, 2000 mg/day + SAXA 5 mg/dayMet, 2000 mg/dayMet, 2000 mg/day + SAXA 5 mg/dayMet, 2000 mg/dayMet, 2000 mg/day + LIR 1.2 mg/dayMet, 2000 mg/dayMet, 2000 mg/day + LIR 1.2 mg/dayMet, 1700 mg/dayMet, 1700 mg/day + beinaglutide 0.6 mg/day
PrePost4PrePost4PrePost2PrePost2PrePost1PrePost1PrePost5Post1PrePost5Post1PrePost1PrePost1

Glycemic profileFBS (mg/dL)100.8 (10.2)97.2 (12.6)100.8 (9.9)90 (6.5)101.190.1105.192.5NRNRNRNR98.6 (9.3)NR93.6 (5.7)102.6 (16.7)NR90.9 (7.2)95.2 (5)93.8 (15.1)99.1 (5.9)92.1 (5.2)
HOMA-IR6.8 (3.6)5.9 (3.7)5 (2)3.6 (2.1)3.562.294.222.453.8 (2.8)2.5 (1.7)1.7 (3.6)2.1 (2.1)4.53 (3.07)NR2.86 (2.05)4.85 (2.09)NR2.62 (1.05)5.39 (1.86)4.96 (2.74)5.68 (1.94)4.98 (1.73)

Anthropometric measuresBW (kg)NRNRNRNR67.965.169.367103.2 (6.3)102 (6.8)105.5 (20.6)99 (21.2)76.5 (12.4)74.1 (12.4)71.4 (11.5)79 (8.4)73.2 (7.7)69.9 (7.2)72.5 (5.9)70 (3.8)72.9 (6.8)68.4 (5.9)
BMI42.1 (7.3)42 (7.7)43.8 (10.5)42 (10.2)26.425.3226.3825.4636.6 (3.5)36.1 (3.8)37.6 (5.1)35.3 (5.5)28.8 (4.2)27.9 (4.2)26.8 (3.7)29.6 (3.4)27.4 (3)26.2 (2.7)29 (2.3)27 (1)28.8 (2.9)25.9 (2.7)
WC (cm)111 (11)109 (13)111 (15)106 (16)82.879.984.781.5122.3 (7)120.7 (7.8)121.9 (17.7)116.4 (18.4)NRNRNRNRNRNR89.7 (5.4)89.9 (5.7)96.8 (6.9)94.6 (5.4)
WHRNRNRNRNR0.85 (0.06)0.83 (0.05)0.86 (0.06)0.83 (0.05)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR0.95 (0.13)0.94 (0.12)0.99 (0.06)0.98 (0.06)

Lipid profileTG (mg/dL)134.5 (56.6)164.6 (61.9)142.5 (53.1)117.7 (35.4)116.879.6118.584141.2 (32.7)115 (32.7)123.9 (26.5)123.9 (32.7)NRNRNRNRNRNR230 (66.3)215 (48.6)255.7 (72.5)237.1 (65.5)
TC (mg/dL)189.1 (27)181.4 (23.9)189.1 (29.3)177.6 (20.8)190.7176185.3174.5181.5 (23.1)177.6 (15.4)204.6 (42.4)177.6 (30.9)NRNRNRNRNRNR174.5 (24.3)171.8 (32)185.7 (17.3)184.1 (18.5)
HDL-C (mg/dL)43.2 (13.5)40.9 (11.6)40.1 (9.6)40.9 (7.7)52.154.447.85142.4 (7.7)46.3 (7.7)50.2 (15.4)42.4 (7.7)NRNRNRNRNRNR43.6 (16.6)50.9 (12.3)41.3 (7.3)42.8 (9.2)
LDL-C (mg/dL)118.1 (23.1)108.8 (23.1)122 (21.6)113.9 (19.3)128.1 (26.6)111.5 (17.3)131.2 (28.1)115 (15.8)112 (23.1)112 (19.3)131.3 (30.9)112 (30.9)NRNRNRNRNRNR114.3 (13.9)112.3 (11.2)117.3 (14.6)115 (20.4)

Hormonal profileLH (IU/L)NRNRNRNR11.747.559.627.68NRNRNRNR11.97 (4.2)12.08 (6.47)9.77 (5.81)12.09 (5.2)9.54 (4.5)6.61 (4.7)10 (3)10.4 (2.5)10.8 (4.6)10.1 (3.9)
FSH (IU/L)NRNRNRNR8.185.927.665.97NRNRNRNR6.03 (1.48)5.91 (1.72)5.28 (2.11)6.22 (1.4)5.15 (1.9)4.4 (2.6)5.8 (1.1)5.9 (0.8)5.7 (1)5.8 (0.9)
Prolactin (ng/mL)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR10.8 (4.2)10.8 (4.5)13 (5.7)10.2 (3.6)10.6 (4.6)12.9 (4.9)NRNRNRNR
Testosterone (ng/mL)0.42 (0.17)0.31 (0.12)0.42 (0.18)0.31 (0.21)0.740.60.750.650.49 (0.28)0.43 (0.26)0.6 (0.37)0.46 (0.2)0.84 (0.25)0.81 (0.35)0.79 (0.31)0.79 (0.2)0.7 (0.2)0.62 (0.2)NRNRNRNR
DHEA-S (mg/L)1.76 (0.55)1.7 (0.55)1.46 (0.81)1.4 (0.66)NRNRNRNR2.28 (1.17)2.13 (1.32)2.1 (0.77)1.95 (0.88)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR

BPSBP (mmHg)135.7 (7)133 (11)131.6 (12)131 (13)NRNRNRNR121.9 (13.1)116.8 (14.6)125 (13)126.7 (18.2)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
DBP (mmHg)88.6 (8)85.4 (9.8)82.5 (13)83.5 (8.9)NRNRNRNR74.1 (12.2)70.2 (9.4)80 (6.6)79.9 (7.8)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR

1After 12 weeks of intervention. 2After 24 weeks of intervention. 3After 8 weeks of intervention. 4After 16 weeks of intervention. 5After 4 weeks of intervention. Significant differences between before and after intervention. Values are mean (standard deviation) if available. Pre, before intervention; post, after intervention; FBS, fasting blood sugar; BW, body weight; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Met, metformin; PGZ, pioglitazone; RSG, rosiglitazone; CANA, canagliflozin; SITA, sitagliptin; EX, exenatide; SAXA, saxagliptin; LIR, liraglutide; NR, not reported.