Research Article
The Link between Overweight/Obesity and Noncommunicable Diseases in Ethiopia: Evidences from Nationwide WHO STEPS Survey 2015
Table 1
Sampled characteristics and prevalence of selected NCDs by respondent’s socio-demographic, lifestyle, and behavioral characteristics (n = 9,800).
| | Characteristics of respondents | Frequency (%) | Blood pressure | Cholesterol level | | Normal % | Hypertension % | Normal % | High % |
| | Lifestyle and behavioral factors | | Consumption of fruit per week | | 0 | 5564 (56.8) | 80.0 | 20.0 | 85.5 | 14.5 | | 1-2 | 3107 (31.7) | 79.4 | 20.6 | 87.0 | 13.0 | | ≥3 | 1122 (11.5) | 73.4 | 26.6 | 86.3 | 13.7 | | No. of servings of fruit per day (n = 4,237) | | 1-2 | 3235 (76.3) | 78.2 | 21.8 | 86.7 | 13.3 | | ≥3 | 1002 (23.7) | 76.7 | 23.3 | 87.2 | 12.8 | | Consumption of vegetable per week | | 0 | 4114 (42.0) | 82.0 | 18.0 | 85.6 | 14.4 | | 1-2 | 3513 (35.9) | 78.5 | 21.5 | 86.3 | 13.7 | | ≥3 | 2166 (22.1) | 74.4 | 25.6 | 86.7 | 13.3 | | No. of servings of vegetable/day (5,538) | | 1-2 | 4212 (76.1) | 76.9 | 23.1 | 86.2 | 13.8 | | ≥3 | 1326 (23.9) | 77.1 | 22.9 | 87.5 | 12.5 | | Frequency of salt consumption | | Always/often | 5912 (60.3) | 81.1 | 18.9 | 86.1 | 13.9 | | Sometimes | 1809 (18.5) | 73.4 | 26.6 | 87.2 | 12.8 | | Never | 2079 (21.2) | 78.1 | 21.9 | 84.8 | 15.2 | | Processed food consumption | | Always/often | 868 (8.9) | 80.9 | 19.1 | 90.1 | 9.9 | | Sometimes | 3925 (40.0) | 77.2 | 22.8 | 87.0 | 13.0 | | Never | 5007 (51.1) | 80.2 | 19.8 | 84.6 | 15.4 | | Most often used oil/fat | | Vegetable oil | 6381 (65.1) | 81.1 | 18.9 | 86.0 | 14.0 | | Lard/butter/margarine/ | 776 (7.9) | 76.8 | 23.2 | 89.3 | 10.7 | | Other/none in particular | 2186 (23.3) | 75.9 | 24.1 | 85.2 | 14.8 | | None used | 457 (4.7) | 69.5 | 30.5 | 84.5 | 15.5 | | Consumption of meal outside the home per week | | 0–2 | 9071 (92.6) | 79.1 | 20.9 | 85.7 | 14.3 | | ≥3 | 721 (7.4) | 78.8 | 21.2 | 90.6 | 9.4 | | Current smoker | | Yes | 411 (4.2) | 77.7 | 22.3 | 86.8 | 13.2 | | No | 9389 (95.2) | 79.1 | 20.9 | 86.0 | 14.0 | | Alcohol consumption | | Yes | 4831 (49.8) | 77.8 | 22.2 | 84.8 | 15.2 | | No | 4964 (50.7) | 80.3 | 19.7 | 87.3 | 12.7 | | Body mass index | | Underweight | 2352 (25.3) | 87.2 | 12.8 | 89.7 | 10.3 | | Normal | 6350 (68.4) | 78.7 | 21.3 | 87.6 | 12.4 | | Overweight/obese | 582 (6.3) | 57.6 | 42.4 | 79.1 | 20.9 | | Ever chewed khat | | Yes | 1860 (19.0) | 80.1 | 19.9 | 87.6 | 12.4 | | No | 7930 (81.0) | 78.9 | 21.1 | 85.7 | 14.3 | | Lifestyle advice | | No | 9169 (93.6) | 79.5 | 20.5 | 86.1 | 13.9 | | Yes | 631 (6.4) | 72.9 | 27.1 | 85.2 | 14.8 | | Socio-demographic and economic factors | | Sex | | Male | 5336 (54.4) | 79.4 | 20.6 | 87.9 | 12.1 | | Female | 4464 (45.6) | 78.6 | 21.4 | 83.8 | 16.2 | | Residence | | Urban | 1873 (19.1) | 74.4 | 25.6 | 79.8 | 20.2 | | Rural | 7927 (80.9) | 80.1 | 19.9 | 87.5 | 12.5 | | Age | | 15–24 | 3479 (35.5) | 85.5 | 14.5 | 87.2 | 12.8 | | 25−35 | 3438 (35.1) | 79.2 | 20.8 | 86.6 | 13.4 | | 36–49 | 1637 (16.7) | 75.0 | 25.0 | 84.0 | 16.0 | | ≥50 | 1246 (12.7) | 65.7 | 34.3 | 83.9 | 16.1 | | Marital status | | Single | 2784 (28.4) | 84.7 | 15.3 | 87.2 | 12.8 | | Married | 6290 (64.2) | 77.8 | 22.2 | 86.4 | 13.6 | | Divorced | 726 (7.4) | 68.2 | 31.8 | 78.9 | 21.1 | | Educational level | | No education | 4036 (41.2) | 77.1 | 22.9 | 85.8 | 14.2 | | Less than primary | 3572 (36.4) | 81.8 | 18.2 | 86.0 | 14.0 | | Primary school | 1076 (11.0) | 80.2 | 19.8 | 87.2 | 12.8 | | Secondary school | 687 (7.0) | 78.5 | 21.5 | 87.7 | 13.3 | | College and above | 429 (4.4) | 73.1 | 26.9 | 85.1 | 14.9 | | Occupation | | Government/skilled private employee | 952 (9.7) | 68.6 | 31.4 | 82.3 | 17.7 | | Farmer | 4629 (47.2) | 79.2 | 20.8 | 86.7 | 13.3 | | Trader | 491 (5.0) | 81.1 | 18.9 | 87.2 | 12.8 | | Student | 1648 (16.2) | 86.5 | 13.5 | 88.3 | 11.7 | | Homemaker/house wife | 1738 (17.2) | 77.1 | 22.9 | 83.8 | 16.2 | | Unemployed | 342 (3.5) | | 24.0 | 86.9 | 13.1 | | Region | | Addis Ababa | 270 (2.8) | 72.0 | 28.0 | 76.7 | 23.3 | | Afar | 95 (1.0) | 88.6 | 11.4 | 83.1 | 16.9 | | Amhara | 2886 (29.4) | 79.6 | 20.4 | 83.7 | 16.3 | | Benishangul Gumz | 97 (1.0) | 81.9 | 18.1 | 82.2 | 17.8 | | Dire Dawa | 41 (0.4) | 83.6 | 16.4 | 59.1 | 40.9 | | Gambela | 52 (0.5) | 80.9 | 19.1 | 93.0 | 7.0 | | Harari | 23 (0.2) | 79.3 | 20.7 | 76.3 | 23.7 | | Oromiya | 3490 (35.6) | 82.6 | 17.4 | 87.0 | 13.0 | | S.N.N.P | 2064 (21.1) | 69.6 | 30.4 | 89.4 | 10.6 | | Somali | 92 (0.9) | 80.4 | 19.6 | 65.9 | 34.1 | | Tigray | 690 (0.7) | 87.5 | 12.5 | 89.7 | 10.3 | | Outcome variables | | Raised blood pleasure/hypertension | 2053 (21) 95% CI (19.8–22.1) | | | | Raised cholesterol | 1368 (14) 95% CI (13.1–15.0) | | |
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