Pharmacogenomics of Hypertension in Africa: Paving the Way for a Pharmacogenetic-Based Approach for the Treatment of Hypertension in Africans

Table 3

List of FDA-approved antihypertensive drugs.

Class of antihypertensive drug	Names of drugs in the respective classes
Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)	Amlodipine, nifedipine, nilsodipine, diltiazem, felodipine, isradipine, nicardipine, verapamil, and nimodipine
Angiotensin-converting inhibitors (ACEI)	Captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, trandolapril, benazepril, fosinopril, and moxipril
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)	Eprosartan, candesartan, losartan, valsartan, irbesartan, telmisartan, azilsartan, and olmesartan
Diuretics	Hydrochlorothiazide, chorthalidone, chlorothiazide, metolazone, ethacrynic acid, indapamide, furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide, amiloride, and triamterene
α and β-blockers	Atenolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, propranolol, carvedilol, doxazosin, prazosin, and terazosin
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA)	Eplerenone, spironolactone, and finerenone
Direct vasodilators	Hydralazine and minoxidil
Peripherally acting adrenergic antagonists	Reserpine

Source: [26]. Drugs used among African patients (in bold) obtained from studies from different African countries [22–25] and from unpublished data collected and managed using REDCap electronic data capture tools hosted at the Hypertension Clinic Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa [27, 28]. The drugs highlighted in bold have been reported to be used among African patients.