Mycobiota and Natural Incidence of Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, and Citrinin in Indian Spices Confirmed by LC-MS/MS
Table 4
Natural occurrence and amount of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and citrinin detected in different ranges from the spices.
Mycotoxins
Spices
N.S.Aa
Number of samples present in between different ranges (ng/g)
Amount (ng/g)
CVd
% conte
N.Db
LDLc–100
101–200
201–300
301–400
401–500
501–≤
Mean ± S.E
AFs
R. chi
55
8
10
7
8
13
7
2
219.6 ± 21.3
0.7
85.4
B. pep
42
10
4
3
14
10
1
0
185.0 ± 22.0
0.7
76.1
Turm
35
11
4
4
6
10
0
0
163.8 ± 25.7
0.9
68.5
Cori
30
8
2
5
7
6
2
0
179.5 ± 27.2
0.8
73.3
Cumi
28
10
2
6
3
5
2
0
146.8 ± 28.7
1.0
64.2
Fenn
25
11
4
5
5
0
0
0
84.1 ± 20.2
1.2
56.0
Cara
25
12
4
2
6
1
0
0
92.7 ± 23.3
1.2
52.0
fenu
35
12
6
7
10
0
0
0
135.4 ± 24.8
1.0
65.7
D. ging
36
8
2
12
7
3
2
2
183.6 ± 25.0
0.8
77.7
OTA
R. chi
55
15
14
22
2
2
0
0
97.1 ± 12.8
0.9
72.7
B. pep
42
9
7
9
12
5
0
0
154.1 ± 19.3
0.8
78.5
Turm
35
15
3
5
7
3
2
0
125.9 ± 24.0
1.1
57.1
Cori
30
21
4
0
4
1
0
0
47.6 ± 17.2
1.9
30.0
Cumi
30
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fenn
25
11
3
5
4
2
0
0
98.1 ± 22.6
1.1
56.0
Cara
25
13
6
2
4
0
0
0
63.2 ± 18.9
1.4
48.0
fenu
35
17
5
6
6
1
0
0
83.2 ± 17.6
1.2
51.4
D. ging
36
16
6
7
2
3
0
0
82.8 ± 19.0
1.3
55.5
CTN
R. chi
55
29
8
12
5
1
0
0
69.0 ± 12.5
1.3
47.2
B. pep
42
23
7
6
3
2
1
0
76.9 ± 17.8
1.5
45.2
Turm
35
35
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cori
30
18
3
2
4
2
1
0
81.0 ± 23.0
1.5
40.0
Cumi
28
22
1
4
0
1
0
0
33.9 ± 14.7
2.3
21.4
Fenn
25
25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cara
25
25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
fenu
35
22
3
5
4
1
0
0
63.1 ± 17.2
1.6
37.1
D. ging
36
20
3
7
2
4
0
0
85.1 ± 19.4
1.3
44.4
Number of samples analyzed, bnot detected, clowest detectable level of ELISA Kit (4 ng/g for AFs, 2 ng/g for OTA, 15 ng/g for CTN), dcoefficient of variation, and epercent contamination.
