International Journal of Microbiology

Review Article

Therapeutic Potential of Punica granatum and Isolated Compounds: Evidence-Based Advances to Treat Bacterial Infections

Table 1

Description of materials, methods, and results of studies that evaluated the antibacterial activity of P. granatum extracts.


Pharmacogen	Solvent	Bacteria (strain)	Halo inhibition (mm)	MIC	MBC	Reference

Peel	Hydroalcoholic	S. mutans ATCC 25175	11.2–16.2	10^b	25^b	[27]
Peel	Hydroalcoholic	R. dentocariosa Rd1 (CI)	12.8–15.7	10	15	[27]

Leaf	MeOH	S. mutans UA159	Resistant	—	—	[28]
Stem		S. sanguinis DSS-10 ATCC 10 556	Resistant
Fruit		E. coli DH10B	Resistant

Peel	MeOH	M. smegmatis	—	0.1^a	0.3^a	[29]
Peel	MeOH	M. bovis BCG	—	0.2	0.3	[29]

Leaf	—	S. mutans DMST18777	16.72	—	250^a	[30]
		S. sanguinis DMST18782	24.50		125
		L. casei BCC36987	Resistant		500

Fruit	MeOH	S. aureus ATCC 6538	12.5	8^a	8^a	[17]
		B. subtilis ATCC 6633	28.6	4	4
		B. cereus ATCC 11774	28.6	4	6
		L. monocytogenes ATCC 19118	3.14	>10	>10
		S. typhimurium ATCC 14028	3.14	>10	>10
		E. coli O157: H7 ATCC 10536	3.14	>10	>10

Peel Pulp	Hydroalcoholic	S. mutans ATCC 25175	—	10–25^b	15–40^b	[12]
Peel Pulp	Hydroalcoholic	Rd1 R. dentocariosa (CI)	—	10–20	15–140	[12]

Leaf	EtOH	E. coli NDM-1 (CI)	9.6	5.12^a	15–25^a	[31]

Peel	EtOH MeOH	P. aeruginosa (nine CI)	6.66–40.66	—	—	[32]
Peel	H₂O	P. aeruginosa (nine CI)	6.66–40.66	—	—	[32]

Flower	H₂O	P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853	—	1.25^d	—	[28]
		A. baumannii ATCC 19606		2.50
		E. coli ATCC 25922		1.25
		K. pneumoniae ATCC 4352		1.25
		E. faecalis ATCC 29212		1.25
		MSSA ATCC 29213		2.50
		MRSA ATCC 43300		2.50
		CI similar to standard ATCC used		0.62–2.5

Peel	H₂O	A. baumannii (CI)	14-15	—	—	[11]
	CHCl₃	E. coli (CI)	12-13
	EtOH	P. aeruginosa (CI)	10–14
	Hex	S. aureus (CI)	11

Peel	EtOH	S. aureus	18.5	2.5^a	5.0^a	[33]
		B. cereus	16.3	—	—
		E. coli	14.2	—	—
		S. typhi	9.7	—	—
		P. aeruginosa	16.1	2.5	5.0

Peel	Hex AcOEt MeOH	E. coli MTCC 441	8–16	—	—	[34]
		K. pneumoniae ATCC 1705	6–9
		S. diastaticus MTCC 1394	13–21
		E. faecalis MTCC 439	6–13
		E. aerogenes (CI)	7–19
		K. pneumoniae (CI)	6–15
		E. faecalis (CI)	7–16
		S. epidermidis (CI)	10
		M. smegmatis (CI)	10–19
		E. coli (CI)	10

Peel	H₂O	S. mutans ATCC 25175	—	0.02^d	—	[35]

Peel	MeOH	E. coli ATCC 11775	—	0.20–0.39^a	—	[36]
		K. pneumoniae ATCC 13883		0.20–0.39
		B. subtilis ATCC 6051		0.10–0.39
		S. aureus ATCC 12600		0.10–0.39

Leaf	H₂O MeOH	S. aureus	12	625^b	—	[37]
		E. coli	10	—
		B. cereus	10–17	1250
		S. typhimurium	10–12	—
		S. dysenteriae	—	—
		S. flexneri	10–12	2500
		S. sonnei	—	—
		V. cholerae	12–14	2500

Flower	Hydroalcoholic	S. mutans ATCC 35668, PTCC 1683	9.5–17.5	3.90^a	3.9^a	[38]
		S. sanguinis ATCC 10556, PTCC 1449	14.5–21.5	7.81	31.25
		S. salivarius ATCC 9222, PTCC 1448	12–16	31.25	62.5
		S. sobrinus ATCC 27607, PTCC 1601	12–22.5	7.81	31.25
		E. faecalis ATCC 11700, PTCC 1393	10.5–15.5	125	250

Flower	H₂O EtOH MeOH CHCl₃ AcOEt	S. aureus ATCC 25923	13–34	0.19–3.12^a	0.78–12.5^a	[39]
		B. cereus PTCC 1247	10–29	0.19–3.12	1.56–12.5
		L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644	10–32	1.56–6.25	6.25–25
		E. coli ATCC 25922	10–28	3.12–12.5	12.5–50
		S. dysantriae PTCC 1188	12–32	0.39–6.25	1.56–25
		S. typhi ATCC 19430	10–31	1.56–6.25	6.25–25

Leaf	EtOH	S. aureus ATCC 25923	12	500^c	—	[40]
		S. epidermidis ATCC 14990	13	31
		P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853	11	—
		E. coli ATCC 14942	10	—

Peel Pulp	H₂O MeOH	M. tuberculosis (ATCC 25177)	—	128–256^c	128–512^c	[9]
		M. tuberculosis (CI)		64–>1024	128 ≥ 1204
		K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603		512–>1024	1024 ≥ 1024
		K. pneumoniae ESBL (CI)		512–>1024	512 ≥ 1024
		K. pneumoniae ATCC BAA 1705		256–512	512 ≥ 1024
		K. pneumoniae KPC (CI)		256–>1024	512 ≥ 1024

Peel	H₂O	P. intermedia	—	—	—	[41]
		P. gingivalis	—
		S. mutans	20–34
		S. mitis	25–30

Peel	EtOH	S. aureus ATCC 29213	9.3–28.3	—	—	[42]
		E. coli ATCC 10536	10–27.3
		M. luteus ATCC 10240	8–21.3
		B. subtilis ATCC: 6633	11.3–28
		P. aeruginosa (CI)	—
		K. pneumoniae (CI)	9–20.7

Peel	EtOH	S. aureus MTCC 96	16–23	—	—	[43]
		S. epidermidis MTCC 435	23–28	512^c
		S. mutans MTCC 890	13–21	1024
		E. coli MTCC 739	15–22	2048
		K. pneumoniae MTCC 432	14–19	2048
		E. aerogenes MTCC 111	13–21	2048
		P. vulgaris MTCC 742	15–21	2048
		P. mirabilis MTCC 425	15–21	2048
		S. typhi MTCC 733	13–21	2048
		S. paratyphi MTCC 735	15–23	1024
		S. typhimurium MTCC 98	15–23	1024
		S. infantis MTCC 1167	13–18	2048
		S. enterica MTCC 660	15–28	1024
		S. brunei MTCC 1168	13–23	1024
		P. aeruginosa MTCC 424	13–22	1024
		B. cepacia MTCC 1617	15–23	1024
		V. parahaemolyticus MTCC 451	11–14	2048
		H. parahaemolyticus MTCC 1776	13–21	2048
		Y. enterocolitica MTCC 80	25–28	512

Peel	EtOH	A. baumannii ATCC 19606	—	250^c	—	[44]

Peel	MeOH H₂O	E. coli ATCC 11775	—	0.39–>12.5^a	—	[45]
		K. pneumoniae ATCC 13883		0.20–>12.5
		B. subtilis ATCC 6051		0.20–>12.5
		S. aureus ATCC 12600		0.26–>12.5

Peel	MeOH	S. aureus ATCC 25923	10–22	8^a	—	[46]
		B. megaterium ATCC 14591	14–26	1
		E. coli ATCC 25922	10–23	64
		P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853	10–27	32
		K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603	11–32	16

Peel	EtOH	S. typhi ATCC 19943	13.3–34.2	250^c	—	[7]
Peel	EtOH	S. paratyphi	14.3–28.5	62.5	—	[7]

Peel	MeOH	S. mutans PTCC 1683	6–9.7	—	—	[47]
		S. sanguinis PTCC 1449	6.5–11.5
		S. salivarius PTCC 1448	6.5–9.5
		S. aureus ATCC 25923	7.5–12.5
		S. epidermidis PTCC 1114	11.5–13.5
		A. viscosus PTCC 1202	6–6.5
		L. acidophilus PTCC 1643	6.5–10

Peel	AcOEt MeOH H₂O	L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644	20	0.5^a	—	[48]
		S. aureus ATCC 6538	13	2
		MRSA	16	2
		B. subtilis ATCC 6633	15–17	0.5
		E. coli ATCC 10536	16	1
		P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027	18	—
		K. pneumoniae ATCC 10031	16	2
		Y. enterocolitica ATCC 23715	19	0.25
		S. enteritidis ATCC 4931	—	4

Peel	Hydro-alcoholic	S. mitis ATCC 9811	15–25	—	—	[49]
		S. mutans ATCC 25175	11–20
		S. sanguis 10557	14–21
		S. sobrinus ATCC27609	12–24
		L. casei ATCC 7469	10–22

—	H₂O	S. aureus ATCC 25923	17-18	0.2–0.4^a	3.2–6.3^a	[50]
—	EtOH	MRSA	15.75–18.53	0.2–1.6	1.6–12.5	[50]

Peel	EtOH	S. aureus ATCC 29213 MRSA ATCC 33591 MRSA (CI)	20 20 20	61.5^c 61.5 61.5	—	[51]
	Hex
	CHCl₃ MeOH
	H₂O
	AcOEt

^amg/mL, ^bµg/µL, ^cµg/mL, ^dconcentration (%). CI, clinical isolate; MSSA, methicillin-sensitive S. aureus; MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; MBC, minimum bactericidal concentration; AcOEt, ethyl acetate; CHCl₃, chloroform; EtOH, ethanol; H₂O, water; Hex, hexane; MeOH, methanol.