Implications and Mechanisms of Antiviral Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Systematic Review

Table 3

A summary of the included articles’ characteristics.

The first author	Year	Country	Type of study	Probiotics	Virus	Mean age (years)	Study population (LAB recipient vs. control)
De Boek et al. [55]	2022	Belgium	RCT	L.casei AMBR2, L.plantarum WCFS1, and L.rhamnosus GG	SARS-CoV2	42 ± 12 (verum) 43 ± 12 (placebo)	60 (33 : 27)
Dellino et al. [56]	2022	Mexico	RCT	L.plantarum KABP022, KABP023, and KAPB033	SARS-CoV2	37.0	300
Castrellón et al. [58]	2022	Italy	CT	L.crispatus M247	Papilloma virus	30–65 years old	160
Dl Pierro et al. [57]	2021	Italy	Preliminary, uncontrolled, open trial	L. crispatus M247	HPV	NG	35
Koesnoe et al. [59]	2021	Indonesia	RCT	L.helveticus R0052, L.rhamnosus R0011	Influenza	67 ± 5.6	554
Mullish et al. [60]	2021	UK	CT	L.acidophilus, L.plantarum	SARS-CoV2	More than 45	220
Wang et al. [23]	2021	China	Cohort	L.bulgaricus	SARS-CoV2	48.58	156 (98 : 58)
Li et al. [16]	2021	China	Cohort	B. infantis, L. acidophilus, Dung enterococcus, B. cereus + B. longum, L. bulgaricus, S. thermophiles + E. faecium, B. subtilis	SARS-CoV2	60.1	311 (123 : 188)
Freedman et al. [24]	2020	Canada	RCT	L.rhamnosus, L. helveticus	Adenovirus, norovirus, rotavirus	NC	816 (408 : 408)
Shin et al. [25]	2020	Republic of Korea	RCT	L. plantarum	Rotavirus	NC	50 (15 : 35)
Ou et al. [26]	2019	China	RCT	L.rhamnosus GR-1, L. reuteri RC-14	HR-HPV	44.8	121 (62 : 59)
Allam et al. [27]	2019	Egypt	CT	L. acidophilus, Bifidobacterium spp.	HCV	48	40 (20 : 20)
Palma et al. [28]	2018	Italy	RCT	L.rhamnosus	HPV	30.7	117 (60 : 57)
Salazar et al. [17]	2018	USA	Cohort	Lactobacillus spp.	RSV	21.8 (weeks)	118 (118 : 0)
Mohseni et al. [29]	2018	Iran	RCT	L. brevis	HSV-2	36.7	66 (33 : 33)
Wang et al. [30]	2018	Canada	RCT (pilot)	L.rhamnosus GG	Influenza A, influenza B, entero-rhino virus, RSV, metapneumovirus, Parainfluenza 1, 2, and 3	85.5	196 (100 : 96)
D’Ettorre et al. [31]	2017	Italy	CT (sub study of a pilot)	L. plantarum DSM24730, S. thermophilus DSM24731, B. breve DSM24732, L. paracasei DSM24733, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus DSM24734, L. acidophilus DSM 24735, B. longum DSM24736, B. infantis DSM24737	HIV	42 (med)	10 (10 : 0)
Ishizaki et al. [18]	2017	Vietnam	Cohort	Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS)	HIV	NC	80 (80 : 0)
Fujii et al. [32]	2017	Japan	RCT	L. lactis JCM 5805	Influenza A (H1N1, H3N2)	38.6	107 (54 : 53)
Gleeson et al. [33]	2016	UK	RCT	L. casei Shirota (LcS)	HSV, EBV, CMV	20.4	243 (126 : 117)
Tapiovaara et al. [34]	2016	Finland	RCT	L.rhamnosus GG	Rhinovirus	NC	59 (39 : 20)
D’Ettorre et al. [35]	2015	Italy	CT	S. salivarius ssp. thermophilus, S. faecium, B. breve, B. infantis, B. longum, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L.casei, L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus	HIV	49.7	31 (20 : 11)
Sugimura et al. [36]	2015	Japan	RCT	L. lactis JCM 5805	Influenza A (H1N1)	45.2	213 (106 : 107)
Niekerk et al. [37]	2015	South Africa	RCT	L.rhamnosus GG, Bifidobacterium infantis	HIV	Neonates	184 (91 : 93)
Lee et al. [38]	2014	Republic of Korea	RCT	B. longum, B.lactis, L. acidophilus, L.rhamnosus, L.plantarum, P. pentosaceus	Rotavirus	1.9	29 (13 : 16)
Lehtoranta et al. [39]	2014	Finland	RCT	L. rhamnosus GG, B. animalis ssp. lactis BB-12	Picornaviruses, HRV, HEV	NC	192 (90 : 102)
Luoto et al. [40]	2014	Finland	RCT	L.rhamnosus GG	Rhinovirus, RSV, Adenovirus, coronavirus 229E/NL63 and OC43/HKU1, influenza A and B, rhinovirus, Parainfluenza virus type 1, 2, 3, RSV group A and B, human metapneumovirus, human bocavirus, human enterovirus	Neonates	45^1 (21 : 24)
Gautam et al. [41]	2014	Agra	RCT	L. sporogens	HIV	NC	107
Santiago et al. [42]	2013	USA	RCT	Lactobacillales	HIV	33	13
Kumpu et al. [43]	2013	Finland	RCT (sub study)	L.rhamnosus GG	HRV, HEV, ADV, RSV, influenza A (H1N1, H3N2), influenza B, parainfluenza virus type 1, 2, 3, human bocavirus	3.7	194 (97 : 97)
Verhoeven et al. [44]	2013	Belgium	CT	L.casei	HPV	31.77	51 (24 : 27)
Hummelen et al. [45]	2011	Tanzania	RCT	L.rhamnosus GR-1	HIV	NC	112 (55 : 57)
Nagata et al. [19]	2011	Japan	Case- control	L. casei Shirota (LcS)	Norovirus	84	77 (39 : 38)
Irvine et al. [20]	2011	Tanzania	Cohort (comparative, retrospective)	L.rhamnosus	HIV	38.5	171 (85 : 86)
Grandy et al. [46]	2010	Bolivia	RCT	L. acidophilus, L.rhamnosus, B. longum, S. boulardii	Rotavirus	NC	64 (26 : 50)
Irvine et al. [21]	2010	Tanzania	Cohort (comparative, retrospective)	L.rhamnosus GR-1	HIV	NC	150 (68 : 82)
Teran et al. [47]	2009	Bolivia	RCT	L. acidophilus, L.rhamnosus B. longum, S. boulardii	Rotavirus	9.3	75 (25 : 50)
Fang et al. [48]	2009	Taiwan	RCT	L.rhamnosus 35 (Lcr35)	Rotavirus	2.7 (med)	23 (17 : 6)
Dubey et al. [49]	2008	India	RCT	L. acidophilus, L. paracasei, L. bulgaricus, L. plantarum	Rotavirus	NM	224 (113 : 111)
Matsuzaki et al. [50]	2005	Japan	Uncontrolled trial	L. casei Shirota (LcS)	HTLV-1	NM	10 (10 : 0)
Sarker et al. [51]	2005	Bangladesh	RCT	L. paracasei ST 11	Rotavirus	10 months	230 (115 : 115)
Salminen et al. [22]	2004	Finland	Placebo-controlled, crossover study	L.rhamnosus GG	NM (just virus causing diarrhea)	44.5	17 (8 : 9)
Mastretta et al. [52]	2002	Italy	RCT	Lactobacillus GG	Rotavirus	NC	220 (114 : 106)
Wolf et al. [53]	1998	USA	RCT	L. reuteri	HIV	NM	39 (20 : 19)
Majamaa et al. [54]	1994	Finland	RCT	L.casei ssp. rhamnosus, L. casei ssp. casei strain GG	Rotavirus	1.5	49 (30 : 19)

RCT: randomized controlled trial, CT: clinical trial, HR-HPV: high risk human papilloma virus, HCV: hepatitis C virus, RSV: respiratory syncytial virus, HSV-2: herpes simplex virus-2, HIV: human immunodeficiency virus, EBV: epstein barr virus, CMV: cytomegalo virus, HRV: human rhinovirus, HEV: human enterovirus, ADV: adenovirus, HTLV-1: human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, NC: not calculable, NM: not mentioned.