Spiritual Holy Water Sites in Ethiopia: Unrecognized High-Risk Settings for Transmission of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Table 5

Factors associated with any drug-resistant TB (RIF^r and/or INH^r) and RIF^r/MDR-TB.

Variables		N	Any drug resistance (RIF^r and/or INH^r)		aOR (95% CI)	value
			Yes, n (%)	No, n (%)
History of TB disease	Yes	41	2 (4.9)	39 (95.1)	9.22 (1.55–54.82)	0.015
	No	81	18 (22.2)	63 (77.8)	Ref
Occupation	Employed	6	3 (50.0)	3 (50.0)	0.74 (0.06–9.27)	0.817
	Unemployed	23	5 (1.7)	18 (78.3)	1.19 (0.26–5.36)	0.823
	Farmer	45	4 (8.9)	41 (91.1)	4.57 (0.99–21.19)	0.052
	Housewife	24	1 (4.2)	23 (95.8)	10.18 (0.95–109.55)	0.056
	Student and others	24	7 (29.2)	17 (70.8)	Ref
The study area (zone)	North Wello	22	1 (4.5)	21 (95.5)	0.96 (0.05–20.16)	0.980
	South Wello	22	9 (40.9)	13 (59.1)	3.06 (0.21–6.72)	0.026
	North Shewa	33	3 (9.1)	30 (90.9)	0.82 (0.07–9.36)	0.872
	South Gondar	28	6 (21.4)	22 (78.6)	0.23 (0.02–2.34)	0.212
	Central Gondar and others	17	1 (5.9)	16 (94.1)	Ref
			RIF^r/MDR-TB		aOR (95% CI)	value
			Yes, n (%)	No, n (%)
Marital status	Married	85	7 (8.2)	78 (91.8)	—	—
	Single	37	8 (21.6)	29 (78.4)	Ref	—
Occupation	Employed^a	6	2 (33.3)	4 (66.6)	2.84 (0.27–29.59)	0.383
	Unemployed^b	23	3 (13.0)	20 (87.0)	3.42 (0.62–18.84)	0.157
	Farmer	45	2 (4.4)	43 (95.6)	9.78 (1.55–61.59)	0.015
	Housewife	24	1 (4.2)	23 (95.8)	15.68 (1.46–168.10)	0.023
	Student and others	24	7 (29.2)	17 (70.8)	Ref
Study area (zone)	North Wello	22	1 (4.5)	21 (95.5)	0.83 (0.04–16.71)	0.901
	South Wello	22	8 (36.4)	14 (63.6)	2.08 (0.31–3.92)	0.043
	North Shewa	33	3 (9.1)	30 (90.9)	0.61 (0.05–6.96)	0.688
	South Gondar	28	2 (7.1)	26 (92.9)	0.85 (0.07–11.13)	0.901
	Central Gondar and others	17	1 (5.9)	16 (94.1)	Ref

Notes. Others: religious leaders and deacons; others: Awi, West Gojjam, Wag-Hamra, East Gojjam; single, widowed, and divorced; aOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; INH^r: isoniazid resistance; ref: reference; RIF^r/MDR-TB: rifampicin-resistant/multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; RIF^r: rifampicin resistance; TB: tuberculosis; ^aconstruction worker, administrative worker, healthcare worker, public transport worker; ^bbusinessman, trader, daily laborer.