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Third phase | Specs of the third phase | Weight % | Reinforcement | Matrix | Test method/standard | Properties/remarks |
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AFMWCNT [96] | Diameter: 20-30 nm Length: 20-30 μm | 1.5 wt% | Carbon fiber | Araldite LY556 epoxy | Tensile test Shear test ASTM D 3039 [99] | In-plane shear modulus 3.89 GPa |
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Electrospun functionalized polyacrylonitrile grafted glycidyl methacrylate (PAN-g-GMA) nanofibers [97] | PAN Mw: 150 kDa GMA 97% purity | 5 layers of nanofibers (1 g nanofiber per square meter) | Carbon fiber | Araldite LY 564 | Tensile test Short beam shear strength test
ASTM D 3039 ASTM D 2344 [98] | Short beam shear strength 46.8 MPa |
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GNPs [99] | GNP (xGNP M-25) | 1.0 wt% | Carbon fiber | Epon 828 epoxy | Tensile test ASTM D 638-15 [21] | Tensile modulus 70.65 GPa |
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MWCNT [100] | Code: US4306 | 1.0 wt% | Carbon fiber | Epoxy | Tensile test ASTM D 3039 | Tensile modulus (transverse) 6.8 GPa |
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SiC particulate filler [101] | 35 μm and bulk density of 1.49 g/cm3 | 10.0 wt% | Carbon fiber | Epoxy (MOMENTIVE-MGS) L285 | ILSS ASTM D 2344 | ILSS 139 MPa |
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Carbonized ethyl acetate/sucrose at 290°C in air to modify the surface of carbon fiber [102] | Tianjin Fuyu Chemical Reagents Co. | — | Carbon fiber | TDE-85 epoxy resin (4,5-epoxycyclohexyl-1,2-diglycidyl diformate; epoxy value, 0.85) | ILSS ASTM D 2344 | ILSS 34 MPa |
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GNP [23] | Diameter: 0.5-5 μm Thickness: 100-200 nm | 5 wt% | Carbon fiber | DGEBA (GY6010) | In-plane shear test ASTM D 5379 [106] | In-plane shear modulus 6.8 GPa |
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PEEK [21] | — | 6 wt% | Twill weaved carbon fiber | bisphenol-A-based epoxy resin (Araldite LY 556) | SBS ASTM D 2344 | Short beam shear (SBS) 45 MPa |
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