Review Article
Rheumatic Heart Disease in East Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Table 1
Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of RHD in East Africa, 2020.
| Author | Country | Diagnostic method | Year | SD | Cases | Total | PR | RR | Area/setting | Population | NOS |
| Massoure et al. [18] | Djibouti | Echocardiography | 2013 | cs | 220 | 1688 | 13% | 100% | Hospital | Adult population | 7 | Massoure et al. [19] | Djibouti | Echocardiography | 2013 | cs | 2 | 156 | 1.28% | 100% | Hospital | Children | 7 | Rossi et al. [20] | Eritrea | Echocardiography | 2014 | cs | 28 | 648 | 4% | 100% | School | Children | 9 | Otto et al. [21] | Eritrea | Echocardiography | 2011 | cs | 8 | 348 | 2.3% | 100% | Hospital | Pregnant | 9 | Tewodros et al. [22] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 1992 | cs | 44 | 816 | 5.4% | 100% | Hospital | Children | 9 | Bacha et al. [23] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 2019 | cs | 9 | 398 | 2.3% | 100% | Hospital | Pregnant | 9 | Adem et al. [24] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 2014 | cs | 215 | 1028 | 21% | 100% | Hospital | Adult population | 9 | Hodes [25] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 1988 | cs | 152 | 338 | 45% | 100% | Hospital | Adult population | 8 | Navuluri et al. [26] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 2016 | cs | 27 | 198 | 13.6% | 100% | Hospital | Adult population | 8 | Guteta et al. [12] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 2016 | cs | 144 | 157 | 92% | 100% | Hospital | General population | 7 | Tefera et al. [27] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 2017 | cs | 108 | 862 | 11.80% | 84% | Hospital | General population | 9 | Parry and Gordon [28] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 1968 | cs | 194 | 558 | 34.8% | 100.00% | Hospital | General population | 8 | Hailemariam [29] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 2014 | cs | 82 | 205 | 40% | 100% | Hospital | General population | 8 | Yadeta et al. [30] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 2017 | cs | 2184 | 6275 | 34.6% | 88% | Hospital | General population | 8 | Tegegne et al. [31] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 2014 | cs | 24 | 76 | 31.6% | 100% | Hospital | General population | 8 | Moges et al. [32] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 2015 | cs | 20 | 41 | 49% | 100% | Hospital | Children | 9 | Hodes [33] | Ethiopia | Clinical auscultation and radiography | 1993 | cs | 44 | 51 | 86.2% | 100% | Hospital | General population | 7 | Engel [34] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 2015 | cs | 61 | 2000 | 3.05% | 100% | Hospital | General population | 7 | Maru [35] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 1993 | cs | 199 | 474 | 42% | 100% | Hospital | General population | 8 | Nigussie and Tadele [36] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 2019 | cs | 75 | 216 | 34.72% | 100% | Hospital | Children | 8 | Tegegne et al. [37] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 2015 | co | 24 | 97 | 24.74% | 100% | Hospital | General population | 8 | Malede and Haileamlak [38] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 2006 | cs | 132 | 254 | 52% | 100% | Hospital | Children | 9 | Habte et al. [39] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 2010 | cs | 256 | 781 | 32.80% | 93.30% | Hospital | Adult population | 9 | Amare et al. [40] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 2015 | cs | 83 | 284 | 29.20% | 100% | Hospital | Adult population | 9 | Mulatu et al. [41] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 2015 | cs | 6 | 1874 | 0.32% | 100% | Hospital | Children | 9 | Yadeta et al. [42] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 2016 | cs | 62 | 3238 | 1.90% | 100% | School | Children | 8 | Bekelea et al. [43] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 2015 | cs | 3613 | 46565 | 7.76% | 100% | Hospital | General population | 9 | Hailu et al. [44] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 2019 | cs | 17 | 21 | 81% | 100% | Hospital | Pregnancy | 9 | Daniel and Abegaz[45] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 1992 | cs | 278 | 468 | 59.40% | 100% | Hospital | Children | 7 | Mehadi et al. [46] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 2004 | cs | 127 | 324 | 39.20% | 100% | Hospital | Children | 7 | Gebremariam and Moges [47] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 2016 | cs | 57 | 106 | 53.70% | 100% | Hospital | Children | 9 | Ephrem et al. [48] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 1990 | cs | 60 | 110 | 54.50% | 100% | Hospital | Children | 7 | Gemechu et al. [49] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 2016 | cs | 56 | 987 | 5.67% | 100% | Rural community | General population | 7 | Tirfe et al. [50] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 2020 | co | 82 | 169 | 48.5% | 100% | Hospital | General population | 9 | Oli et al. [51] | Ethiopia | Clinical auscultation and radiography | 1992 | cs | 15 | 3235 | 0.46% | 100% | Rural community | Children | 8 | Oli and Porteous [52] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 1999 | cs | 60 | 9388 | 0.64% | 93% | Community | Children | 9 | Moges [53] | Ethiopia | Echocardiography | 1999 | cs | 33 | 57 | 56.10% | 100% | Hospital | Children | 9 | Rebecca [54] | Kenya | Echocardiography | 2016 | cs | 580 | 906 | 64% | 86.30% | Hospital | General population | 8 | Oyoo and Ogola [55] | Kenya | Echocardiography | 1999 | cs | 29 | 91 | 32% | 100% | Hospital | General population | 8 | Koech et al. [56] | Kenya | American heart association guidelines | 2012 | cs | 582 | 3196 | 18% | 100% | Hospital | General population | 9 | Anabwani and Bonhoeffer [11] | Kenya | Echocardiography | 1996 | cs | 3 | 1115 | 0.0027% | 100% | Hospital | Children | 9 | Anabwani et al. [57] | Kenya | Clinical auscultation | 1989 | cs | 6 | 3631 | 0.17% | 97% | School | Children | 9 | Campanale et al. [58] | Madagascar | Echocardiography | 2017 | cs | 18 | 859 | 2.10% | 100% | Hospital and school | General population | 9 | Campanale et al. [58] | Madagascar | Echocardiography | 2017 | cs | 7 | 522 | 1.4% | 100% | Hospital and school | Children | 9 | Campanale et al. [58] | Madagascar | Echocardiography | 2017 | cs | 11 | 337 | 3.3% | 100% | Hospital and school | Adult population | 9 | Kennedy and Miller [59] | Malawi | Echocardiography | 2013 | cs | 56 | 250 | 22.4% | 100% | Hospital | Children | 9 | Soliman and Juma [60] | Malawi | Echocardiography | 2008 | cs | 1176 | 3908 | 30.10% | 100% | Hospital | General population | 8 | Sanyahumbi et al. [61] | Malawi | Echocardiography | 2016 | cs | 39 | 1399 | 3.40% | 96.50% | School | Children | 8 | Eberly et al. [62] | Rwanda | Echocardiography | 2018 | cs | 212 | 719 | 29.50% | 100% | Hospital | General population | 8 | Eberly et al. [62] | Rwanda | Echocardiography | 2018 | cs | 89 | 248 | 36% | 100% | Hospital | Children | 8 | Eberly et al. [62] | Rwanda | Echocardiography | 2018 | cs | 127 | 471 | 27% | 100% | Hospital | Adult population | 8 | Mucumbitsi et al. [63] | Rwanda | Echocardiography | 2017 | cs | 17 | 2501 | 0.68% | 93% | Hospital | Children | 8 | Ali et al. [64] | Sudan | Echocardiography | 2018 | cs | 30 | 4515 | 1% | 100% | School | Children | 9 | Kafle and Alurkar[65] | Sudan | Echocardiography | 2011 | cs | 102 | 1461 | 7% | 100% | Hospital | Children | 9 | Halim and Jacques [66] | Sudan | Clinical auscultation radiologic, and ECG | 1960 | cs | 243 | 958 | 25% | 100% | Hospital | General population | 9 | El Hag [67] | Sudan | Echocardiography | 1994 | Cs | 70 | 179 | 39% | 100% | Hospital | Children | 9 | Musa et al. [68] | Sudan | Echocardiography | 2018 | cs | 22 | 123 | 17.89% | 100% | Hospital | Adult population | 8 | Khalil et al. [69] | Sudan | Echocardiography | 2015 | cs | 155 | 12453 | 1.24% | 98.6% | Hospital | General population | 7 | Ali et al. [70] | Sudan | Echocardiography | 2018 | cs | 5 | 2129 | 0.23% | 100% | School | Children | 9 | Yadav et al. [71] | Sudan | Echocardiography | 2010 | cs | 7 | 9526 | 0.07% | 96.40% | School | Children | 9 | Ali et al. [72] | Sudan | Echocardiography | 2017 | cs | 204 | 3315 | 6.20% | 100% | Community | General population | 9 | Hasab et al. [73] | Sudan | Echocardiography | 1997 | cs | 8 | 9904 | 0.08% | 100% | School | Children | 9 | Yassin et al. [74] | Sudan | Echocardiography | 2015 | cs | 45 | 75 | 60% | 100% | Hospital | Pregnancy | 9 | Ibrahim-Khalil et al. [75] | Sudan | Clinical auscultation and radiographic X-ray | 1992 | cs | 40 | 13322 | 0.30% | 100% | School | Children | 9 | Zuechner et al. [76] | Tanzania | Echocardiography | 2019 | cs | 228 | 3982 | 6% | 100% | Hospital | Children | 9 | Mmbali and Chillo [77] | Tanzania | Echocardiography | 2017 | cs | 35 | 164 | 21.40% | 100% | Hospital | General population | 9 | Makubi et al. [78] | Tanzania | Echocardiography | 2014 | cs | 51 | 427 | 12% | 82% | Hospital | General population | 7 | Luggajo [79] | Tanzania | Echocardiography | 2009 | cs | 150 | 2782 | 5.40% | 100% | Hospital | General population | 8 | d’Arbela et al. [80] | Uganda | Clinical auscultation and radiography | 1966 | cs | 117 | 449 | 26% | 100% | Hospital | General population | 8 | Caddell et al. [81] | Uganda | Clinical auscultation and radiography | 1966 | cs | 23 | 50 | 46% | 100% | Hospital | Children | 8 | Lugero et al. [82] | Uganda | Echocardiography | 2016 | cs | 33 | 102 | 32% | 100% | Hospital | General population | 7 | Grimaldi et al. [83] | Uganda | Echocardiography | 2014 | Cs | 44 | 140 | 31% | 100% | Hospital | General population | 7 | Ellis et al. [84] | Uganda | Echocardiography | 2007 | cs | 10 | 58 | 17% | 100% | Hospital | Children | 7 | Scheel et al. [85] | Uganda | Echocardiography | 2018 | cs | 57 | 2393 | 2.45% | 98% | Community | General population | 9 | Beaton et al. [86] | Uganda | Echocardiography | 2013 | cs | 72 | 4869 | 1.50% | 97% | School | Children | 9 | Freers et al. [87] | Uganda | Echocardiography | 1993 | cs | 55 | 500 | 11% | 100% | Hospital | General population | 9 | Ploutz et al. [88] | Uganda | Echocardiography | 2015 | cs | 43 | 956 | 4.50% | 95.40% | School | Children | 9 | Hovis et al. [89] | Uganda | Echocardiography | 2019 | cs | 15 | 993 | 1.50% | 100% | Hospital | Children | 9 | Gleason et al. [90] | Uganda | Echocardiography | 2016 | cs | 40 | 488 | 0.82% | 99.60% | Hospital | Children | 8 | Rwebembera et al. [91] | Uganda | Echocardiography | 2018 | cs | 709 | 3582 | 19.80% | 100% | Hospital | General population | 9 |
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ECG: electrocardiogram; CS: cross-sectional; CO: cohort; SD: study design; PR: prevalence rate; RR: response rate; RHD: rheumatic heart disease; NOS: Newcastle-Ottawa scale.
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