Research Article

The Magnitude of Optimal Antenatal Care Utilization and Its Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in South Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 4

Factors associated with four or more antenatal care (ANC) visits in the South Gondar Zone.

VariableFour and above ANCCOR (95% CI)AOR (95% CI)
No (%)Yes (%)

Education level of respondent
Illiterate124 (69.7)70 (27.3)11
Only read and write (no formal education)21 (11.8)14 (5.5)1.181 (0.565, 2.468)1.282 (0.582, 2.826)
Primary educated (grade1-8)10 (5.6)75 (29.3)13.286 (6.454, 27.348)12.431 (5.739, 26.929)
Secondary school (grade 9-12)11 (6.2)38 (14.8)6.119 (2.942, 12.727)8.205 (3.406,19.767)
Tertiary level12 (6.7)59 (23.0)8.710 (4.384, 17.301)6.406 (2.229,18.416)
Education level of husband’s
Illiterate91 (51.1)64 (25.0)11
Only read and write (no formal education)32 (18.0)25 (9.8)1.111 (0.602, 2.051)1.080 (0.583, 2.001)
Primary educated (grades 1-8)26 (14.6)49 (19.1)2.680 (1.511, 4.753)2.309 (1.272, 4.193)
Secondary school (grades 9-12)10 (5.6)50 (19.5)7.109 (3.357, 15.058)5.967 (2.753, 12.936)
Tertiary level19 (10.7)68 (26.6)5.089 (2.791, 9.279)4.056 (2.117, 7.769)
Husband’s occupation
Farmer131 (73.6)97 (37.9)11
Governmental or nongovernmental employee22 (12.4)78 (30.5)4.788 (2.787,8.226)3.736 (2.093, 6.669)
Merchant19 (10.7)62 (24.2)4.407 (2.475,7.848)4.009 (2.235, 7.192)
Daily laborer6 (3.4)19 (7.4)4.277 (1.646,11.110)3.221 (1.202, 8.630)
Mass media exposure
Exposed to mass media58 (32.6)132 (51.6)11
Not exposed to mass media120 (67.4)124 (48.4)0.454 (0.305, 0.676)0.520 (0.345, 0.783)
Time taken to get the nearest HF
Below 1 hour75 (42.1)168 (65.6)11
1–2 hours85 (47.8)77 (30.1)0.404 (0.268, 0.610)0.494 (0.312, 0.780)
Above 2 hours18 (10.1)11 (4.3)0.273 (0.123, 0.606)0.332 (0.146, 0.757)
Planned pregnancy
Yes142 (79.8)227 (88.7)1.984 (1.166, 3.379)1.912 (1.117, 3.271)
No36 (20.2)29 (11.3)11
Wanted pregnancy
Yes140 (78.7)229 (89.5)2.302 (1.347, 3.936)2.341 (1.366, 4.009)
No38 (21.3)27 (10.5)11
The decision of maternal care service utilization
Husband10 (5.6)4 (1.6)11
Wife40 (22.5)50 (19.5)3.125 (0.912, 10.711)2.516 (0.716, 8.844)
Both128 (71.9)202 (78.9)3.945 (1.212, 12.846)3.517 (1.058, 11.687)
Health profession preferred by women
Yes35 (19.7)98 (38.3)2.534 (1.620, 3.964)2.192 (1.371, 3.507)
No143 (80.3)158 (61.7)11
Source of information about maternal care
Health institution by health care workers60 (33.7)164 (64.1)11
Health extension workers75 (42.1)52 (20.3)0.254 (0.160, 0.402)0.266 (0.167, 0.425)
Radio/television12 (6.7)24 (9.4)0.732 (0.344, 1.554)0.744 (0.347, 1.596)
Relatives and friends31 (17.4)16 (6.2)0.189 (0.096, 0.370)0.214 (0.109, 0.424)
Owns mobile telephone
Yes54 (30.3)171 (66.8)4.620 (3.060, 6.975)5.087 (3.286, 7.875)
No124 (69.7)85 (33.2)11
Residence
Urban40 (22.5)142 (55.5)11
Rural138 (77.5)114 (44.5)0.233 (0.151, 0.358)0.267 (0.164, 0.435)
Road access to the HF
Yes60 (33.7)139 (54.3)2.336 (1.572, 3.473)1.919 (1.270, 2.900)
No118 (66.3)117 (45.7)11
Health provider behavior
Good133 (74.7)231 (90.2)11
Poor45 (25.3)25 (9.8)0.320 (0.188, 0.545)0.374 (0.213, 0.656)
The health facility in kebele
Yes137 (77.0)236 (92.2)3.531 (1.988, 6.273)3.663 (2.053, 6.538)
No41 (23.0)20 (7.8)11
Duty service of maternal health care
Yes78 (43.8)184 (71.9)3.276 (2.191, 4.899)3.101 (2.050, 4.689)
No100 (56.2)72 (28.1)11
Family size
2–442 (23.6)133 (52.0)11
5–795 (53.4)93 (36.3)0.309 (0.197, 0.485)0.297 (0.187, 0.471)
8 and above41 (23.0)30 (11.7)0.231 (0.129, 0.415)0.204 (0.112, 0.375)
Number of living children
1–371 (39.9)170 (66.4)11
4 and above107 (60.1)86 (33.6)0.336 (0.226, 0.499)0.366 (0.236, 0.567)

1: reference category; significance at 5% of the level of significance.