The Magnitude of Optimal Antenatal Care Utilization and Its Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in South Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 4
Factors associated with four or more antenatal care (ANC) visits in the South Gondar Zone.
Variable
Four and above ANC
COR (95% CI)
AOR (95% CI)
No (%)
Yes (%)
Education level of respondent
Illiterate
124 (69.7)
70 (27.3)
1
1
Only read and write (no formal education)
21 (11.8)
14 (5.5)
1.181 (0.565, 2.468)
1.282 (0.582, 2.826)
Primary educated (grade1-8)
10 (5.6)
75 (29.3)
13.286 (6.454, 27.348)
12.431 (5.739, 26.929)
Secondary school (grade 9-12)
11 (6.2)
38 (14.8)
6.119 (2.942, 12.727)
8.205 (3.406,19.767)
Tertiary level
12 (6.7)
59 (23.0)
8.710 (4.384, 17.301)
6.406 (2.229,18.416)
Education level of husband’s
Illiterate
91 (51.1)
64 (25.0)
1
1
Only read and write (no formal education)
32 (18.0)
25 (9.8)
1.111 (0.602, 2.051)
1.080 (0.583, 2.001)
Primary educated (grades 1-8)
26 (14.6)
49 (19.1)
2.680 (1.511, 4.753)
2.309 (1.272, 4.193)
Secondary school (grades 9-12)
10 (5.6)
50 (19.5)
7.109 (3.357, 15.058)
5.967 (2.753, 12.936)
Tertiary level
19 (10.7)
68 (26.6)
5.089 (2.791, 9.279)
4.056 (2.117, 7.769)
Husband’s occupation
Farmer
131 (73.6)
97 (37.9)
1
1
Governmental or nongovernmental employee
22 (12.4)
78 (30.5)
4.788 (2.787,8.226)
3.736 (2.093, 6.669)
Merchant
19 (10.7)
62 (24.2)
4.407 (2.475,7.848)
4.009 (2.235, 7.192)
Daily laborer
6 (3.4)
19 (7.4)
4.277 (1.646,11.110)
3.221 (1.202, 8.630)
Mass media exposure
Exposed to mass media
58 (32.6)
132 (51.6)
1
1
Not exposed to mass media
120 (67.4)
124 (48.4)
0.454 (0.305, 0.676)
0.520 (0.345, 0.783)
Time taken to get the nearest HF
Below 1 hour
75 (42.1)
168 (65.6)
1
1
1–2 hours
85 (47.8)
77 (30.1)
0.404 (0.268, 0.610)
0.494 (0.312, 0.780)
Above 2 hours
18 (10.1)
11 (4.3)
0.273 (0.123, 0.606)
0.332 (0.146, 0.757)
Planned pregnancy
Yes
142 (79.8)
227 (88.7)
1.984 (1.166, 3.379)
1.912 (1.117, 3.271)
No
36 (20.2)
29 (11.3)
1
1
Wanted pregnancy
Yes
140 (78.7)
229 (89.5)
2.302 (1.347, 3.936)
2.341 (1.366, 4.009)
No
38 (21.3)
27 (10.5)
1
1
The decision of maternal care service utilization
Husband
10 (5.6)
4 (1.6)
1
1
Wife
40 (22.5)
50 (19.5)
3.125 (0.912, 10.711)
2.516 (0.716, 8.844)
Both
128 (71.9)
202 (78.9)
3.945 (1.212, 12.846)
3.517 (1.058, 11.687)
Health profession preferred by women
Yes
35 (19.7)
98 (38.3)
2.534 (1.620, 3.964)
2.192 (1.371, 3.507)
No
143 (80.3)
158 (61.7)
1
1
Source of information about maternal care
Health institution by health care workers
60 (33.7)
164 (64.1)
1
1
Health extension workers
75 (42.1)
52 (20.3)
0.254 (0.160, 0.402)
0.266 (0.167, 0.425)
Radio/television
12 (6.7)
24 (9.4)
0.732 (0.344, 1.554)
0.744 (0.347, 1.596)
Relatives and friends
31 (17.4)
16 (6.2)
0.189 (0.096, 0.370)
0.214 (0.109, 0.424)
Owns mobile telephone
Yes
54 (30.3)
171 (66.8)
4.620 (3.060, 6.975)
5.087 (3.286, 7.875)
No
124 (69.7)
85 (33.2)
1
1
Residence
Urban
40 (22.5)
142 (55.5)
1
1
Rural
138 (77.5)
114 (44.5)
0.233 (0.151, 0.358)
0.267 (0.164, 0.435)
Road access to the HF
Yes
60 (33.7)
139 (54.3)
2.336 (1.572, 3.473)
1.919 (1.270, 2.900)
No
118 (66.3)
117 (45.7)
1
1
Health provider behavior
Good
133 (74.7)
231 (90.2)
1
1
Poor
45 (25.3)
25 (9.8)
0.320 (0.188, 0.545)
0.374 (0.213, 0.656)
The health facility in kebele
Yes
137 (77.0)
236 (92.2)
3.531 (1.988, 6.273)
3.663 (2.053, 6.538)
No
41 (23.0)
20 (7.8)
1
1
Duty service of maternal health care
Yes
78 (43.8)
184 (71.9)
3.276 (2.191, 4.899)
3.101 (2.050, 4.689)
No
100 (56.2)
72 (28.1)
1
1
Family size
2–4
42 (23.6)
133 (52.0)
1
1
5–7
95 (53.4)
93 (36.3)
0.309 (0.197, 0.485)
0.297 (0.187, 0.471)
8 and above
41 (23.0)
30 (11.7)
0.231 (0.129, 0.415)
0.204 (0.112, 0.375)
Number of living children
1–3
71 (39.9)
170 (66.4)
1
1
4 and above
107 (60.1)
86 (33.6)
0.336 (0.226, 0.499)
0.366 (0.236, 0.567)
1: reference category; significance at 5% of the level of significance.