Pregnancy Risk Perception and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at Health Centers in Jabi Tehnan District, Amhara, Northwestern Ethiopia, 2021

Alemu, Demeke Andebet; Zegeye, Ambaye Minayehu; Zeleke, Liknaw Bewket; Dessie, Wale Kumlachew; Melese, Yilkal Dagnaw; Tarik, Yaregal Desselaw; Zeleke, Fentahun Tamene; Belay, Dawit Misganaw; Siyoum, Alemitu Ayele; Asfaha, Berhane Teklay

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6847867

International Journal of Reproductive Medicine

On this page

Abstract Background Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Abbreviations Data Availability Ethical Approval Disclosure Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 6847867 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6847867

Pregnancy Risk Perception and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at Health Centers in Jabi Tehnan District, Amhara, Northwestern Ethiopia, 2021

Demeke Andebet Alemu,¹Ambaye Minayehu Zegeye,²Liknaw Bewket Zeleke,³Wale Kumlachew Dessie,⁴Yilkal Dagnaw Melese,²Yaregal Desselaw Tarik,²Fentahun Tamene Zeleke,⁵Dawit Misganaw Belay,²Alemitu Ayele Siyoum,⁶and Berhane Teklay Asfaha²

Academic Editor: Bin Zhao

Received23 Jun 2022

Revised04 Sept 2022

Accepted18 Nov 2022

Published13 Dec 2022

Abstract

Background. Pregnancy risk perception affects a pregnant woman’s decision about health care services such as prenatal care, place of birth, choices about medical interventions, adherence to medical procedures, and recommendations. Therefore, the study is aimed at assessing pregnancy risk perception and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at health centers in Jabi Tehnan District. Methods. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 424 mothers attending ANC at health centers in the Jabi Tehnan District from April 1 to 30, 2021. Data was collected through a face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire which was developed according to the health belief model. The logistic regression model was used using an adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI and to declare significance and associations. Result. Four hundred twenty four (424) pregnant women were interviewed of which nearly half of the respondents 48% (43.2%, 52.7%) had good pregnancy risk perception. Women who had a history of obstetric complications (AOR: 95% ), those who knew at least one pregnancy danger sign (AOR: 95% ), pregnant women who had a bad obstetric history (AOR: 95% ), and knowing women who died due to pregnancy-related complications (AOR: 95% ) were more likely to have good perception towards pregnancy risk compared to their counterparts. Conclusion. Obstetric complications, awareness of pregnancy danger signs, bad obstetric history, and known women who died due to pregnancy-related complications were found to be significantly associated with pregnancy risk perception.

1. Background

Risk perception means an individual’s expectation about the probability, characteristics, and severity of an event, and it is an important construction for different health behavior theories such as the health belief model, protection motivation theory, and prospect theory [1]. An individual making a judgment about the probability of an event is based on experience [2].

A greater perception of health risks leads to conducting protective action. Therefore, it is important to understand the perception of health risks of pregnancy and the accuracy of those perceptions [3]. Pregnancy risk perception affects a pregnant woman’s decision about health care services like prenatal care, place of birth, choices about medical interventions, adherence to medical procedures and recommendations, and health behaviors [4–6].

Pregnancy is a normal physiological process, but some of the common discomforts of pregnancy may make the pregnant woman feel ill. Ranging from mildly irritating to life-threatening conditions [7], pregnancy and childbirth are often perceived as normal life events without justification in many developing countries, including Ethiopia. Obstetric complications are high among normal pregnancies. These complications occurred following warning signs called obstetric danger signs [8–11].

The top commonly manifested danger signs during labor and childbirth are severe vaginal bleeding, prolonged labor, convulsions, and retained placenta. Besides, dangerous signs might occur during the postnatal period, which include severe vaginal bleeding, unconsciousness, and fever [12, 13]. Every pregnant woman is at risk of facing pregnancy-related complications that could end in death or injury to both herself and the newborn [14]. From pregnancy-related complications, hemorrhage, obstructed labor, pregnancy-induced hypertension, puerperal sepsis, and unsafe abortion are the five leading causes of maternal death in Ethiopia from 1990 to 2016. Early detection and management of those complications are important to reduce maternal mortality [15].

Pregnancy and childbirth complications are major causes of maternal death. Complications that develop during pregnancy account for 72.5% of maternal deaths are called direct causes of maternal death. Globally, the magnitudes of direct cause’s maternal death are hemorrhage (27.1%), pregnancy-induced hypertension (14%), puerperal sepsis (10.7%), and unsafe abortion (7.9%). In Ethiopia, hemorrhage (29.9%), obstructed labor (22.34%), pregnancy-induced hypertension (16.9%), puerperal sepsis (14.68%), and unsafe abortion (8.6%) are major causes of maternal death [15–17].

Due to obstetric complications globally every day, 810 women died. The developing countries accounted for 94% (277,300) of these deaths. Of these eighty-six percent of deaths are occurred in both Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest maternal mortality ratio at 66.44% (196 000) of maternal deaths annually. In Ethiopia, the maternal mortality ratio is significantly reduced from 1030 deaths per 100,000 live births (2000) to 401 death per 100,000 live births (2017), but it remains high [18].

The maternal mortality ratio in developing countries in 2015 is twenty times higher than in developed countries. The difference in maternal mortality ratio is also present within countries between urban and rural residents and between high and low-income women [19].

Pregnancy and childbirth-related mortality are unavoidable due to three delays. These are delays in deciding to seek care, delays in accessing and reaching appropriate care, and delays in receiving appropriate care once a health facility is reached. The first delay influences the probability of the second and third delay. Their poor perception of pregnancy-related risks and complications leads pregnant women to delay decision-making to seek obstetric care [20, 21].

Therefore, this study is intended to determine pregnancy risk perception and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at health centers in Jabi Tehnan District, Amhara, Northwest Ethiopia, 2021.

2. Methods

2.1. Study Area and Period

The study was conducted in Jabi Tehnan District, West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia. Jabi Tenhnan is bordered on the southwest by Dembech, on the west by Bure, on the northwest by Sekela, on the north by Kuarit, and on the east of Degadamot district. It is located at 387 km from Addis Ababa in the northwest part of Ethiopia. According to the report from the district in 2016, it has 39 kebeles with a total population of 218,447 and 125,323 adults. In the district, there are 11 health centers and 39 health posts. The health centers give different clinical services such as family planning, antenatal care, delivery, and testing of HIV for the nearby community. All health centers provide ANC services for the nearby community. The majority of the inhabitants practiced Orthodox Christianity (97.96%) while 2.02% were Muslim [22, 23]. This study was conducted from April 01, 2021 to April 30, 2021.

2.2. Study Design

Institution-based cross-sectional study design was employed.

2.3. Source and Study Population

The source population of this study was all pregnant women coming to antenatal care service in Jabi Tehnan District health centers, and the study population was all pregnant women attending to antenatal care service in Jabi Tehnan District health centers during the data collection period.

2.4. Sample Size Determination

The sample size was calculated using the single population proportion formula by considering 50% of the population has good pregnancy risk perception. The size of the sample was calculated as follows: (i) was the sample size(ii) was the 95% confidence interval (standard value of 1.96)(iii) was the estimated proportion of patients with good pregnancy risk (iv) is the margin of error

Then, by adding a 10% nonresponse rate, the total sample size was 424.

2.5. Sampling Technique and Procedure

There are eleven health centers in the Jabi Tehnan District. All health centers were included in the study, and a systematic sampling technique was used to collect data. The total number of pregnant women attending ANC per month for the previous three consecutive months in each health center was taken from the ANC tally record book. The average number of pregnant women attending ANC per month was calculated. Based on the total number of pregnant women attending antenatal care in Jabi Tehnan District health center, the total sample was divided to each health center proportionally. , times of total antenatal care attendants per month in each health center (Figure 1).

2.6. Inclusion and Exclusion

2.6.1. Inclusion Criteria

Pregnant women coming to antenatal care service in Jabi Tehnan District health center and no exclusion.

2.7. Study Variables

2.7.1. Dependent Variables

Pregnancy risk perception (poor/good).

2.7.2. Independent Variables

(i)Sociodemographic factors (age, marital status, education, occupation, religion, place of residence, income, and partner education)(ii)Knowing a woman who died due to pregnancy-related complications(iii)Obstetric factors (gravidity, parity, history of obstetric complications, pregnancy danger signs, number of ANC visits, and bad obstetric history)(iv)Knowledge of pregnancy danger signs

2.7.3. Operational Definition

Pregnancy risk perception means respondents’ perception of their risk of developing pregnancy-related complications and their perceived severity of consequences related to pregnancy and labor complications [24].

2.7.4. Data Collection Tools

The tools were first prepared in English language and later translated into Amharic language and back to English language again to maintain its consistency and have four parts. These are the following indetails.

2.7.5. Tool I Sociodemographic Characteristics

Sociodemographic characteristics such as age, marital status, education, working status, place of residence, income, partner education, and knowing a woman who died in pregnancy.

2.7.6. Tool II Obstetric Characteristics

Obstetric characteristics such as total number of pregnancies, the total number of live birth, history of obstetric complications during a previous pregnancy or labor and delivery or postnatal period, history of current pregnancy danger signs, previous place of birth, and bad obstetric history.

2.7.7. Tool III Knowledge of Pregnancy Danger Signs

The client’s knowledge of pregnancy danger signs is assessed as a factor for their perception of pregnancy risk. Knowledge about pregnancy danger signs (yes or no options for being familiar with each pregnancy danger sign) is the source of information about the pregnancy danger sign. This tool consists of 10 questions, which focus on general knowledge of pregnancy danger signs.

2.7.8. Tool IV Pregnancy Risk Perception Using the Health Belief Model

The client’s pregnancy risk perception using health belief model constructs was assessed. Clients are asked a question about two constructs of the health belief model that ranges from five to twenty-five score for perceived susceptibility and seven to thirty-five score for perceived severity. The total scores were calculated from the combined questions ranging from twelve to sixty. The questions have five options (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = neutral, 4 = agree, and 5 = strongly agree) [25].

(1) Data Collection Procedure. Data were collected from April 1 to 30, 2021. Eleven midwives who are not working at the study site were recruited and trained for data collection. One day of training on the objective of the study, methods of data collection procedures, and tools of data collection for data collectors and supervisors were given. Each data collector completed questionnaires by interviewing clients who came on the day and completed them within 30 days. Regular supervision was done during data collection.

(2) Data Quality Control Measuers. To ensure the quality of data, the training was given on the objective of the study, methods of data collection procedures, and tools of data collection by the researcher. A pretest was conducted in 5% of the sample on March 2021 Finote Selam health center. Cronbach’s alphas (0.89 up to 0.90) were used to check the internal consistency and reliability of the item. The necessary modification was made for any ambiguity, confusion, and difficult words based on pretest data analysis. Each data collector and supervisor were checked before and immediately after collection for the completeness and consistency of the questionnaire.

(3) Data Processing and Analysis. The data was cleaned, coded and entered, and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, standard deviation, and mean were used to characterize the participants in terms of sociodemographic variables, obstetric variables, and knowledge of pregnancy danger signs. A logistic regression model was fitted to assess the association between dependent and independent variables with a value of ≤0.25 in the bivariable analysis that will be included in the multivariable analysis. The adjusted odds ratio together with 95% confidence intervals was computed, and the results with were considered to declare a result as significantly associated.

3. Results

3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics

Four hundred twenty-one pregnant women have completed the questionnaire making the response rate of the study 99.3%. The mean age of respondents was , and nearly one-third (33.3%) of respondents were aged between 25 and 29 years. All respondents were Amhara in ethnicity, and 93.8% were orthodox in religion. Almost all the respondents (99.8%) were married, and more than half (58.7%) of the respondents were housewives. Of the total study participants, 57% of respondents lived in rural areas. Concerning educational status, slightly more than one-third (42.7%) of respondents have no formal schooling (Table 1).

3.2. Obstetric Characteristics

Of 421 respondents, 47.5% were primigravida, and 48% were nulliparous. Of multigravida women, 52% had experienced obstetric complications in the previous pregnancy or labor or postpartum period, and the majority (64.3%) of respondents had no history of bad obstetric history (Table 2).

3.3. Knowledge of Pregnancy Danger Signs

Vaginal bleeding (87.9%) was the most common mentioned danger sign during pregnancy followed by loss of fetal movement (53.2%), the onset of labor before the expected date of delivery (52.2%), and persistent vomiting (48.4%). The least mentioned danger signs during pregnancy were convulsion/loss of consciousness (27.1%) (Table 3).

3.4. Pregnancy Risk Perception

Of the total respondents, nearly half of them, 48% (43.2% and 52.7%), had good pregnancy risk perception as shown in (Figure 2).

Concerning the perceived severity of pregnancy-related complications, 57.9% perceived that pregnancy and delivery problems would last a long time while 55.9% of respondents perceived that pregnancy complications would not threaten the relationship with their partner. The majority of the respondents (74.3%) perceived that their baby will be born prematurely. 32.8% of respondents strongly agree that their baby would not survive the pressure that comes with labor and delivery (Table 4).

3.5. Factors Affecting Pregnancy Risk Perception in Jabi Tehnan

In bivariable analysis, residence, own income, knowing a woman who died due to pregnancy-related complications, past obstetric complications, current pregnancy danger signs, the number of ANC visits, bad obstetric history, and awareness of pregnancy danger signs showed value less than 0.25 making them eligible for multivariable analysis.

In multivariable analysis awareness of pregnancy danger signs, bad obstetric history, past obstetric complications, and knowing a woman who died due to pregnancy-related complications were associated with pregnancy risk perception. Those who know at least one pregnancy danger sign were 5.2 times (AOR: 95% , 11.07) more likely to have good pregnancy risk perception than their counterparts. Respondents who had bad obstetric history were 2.2 times (AOR: 95% , 4.41) more likely to have good pregnancy risk perception than their counterparts.

Respondents who had past obstetric complications were 3.44 times (AOR: 95% , 6.83) more likely to have good pregnancy risk perception than their counterparts. Knowing women died due to pregnancy-related complications were 2.85 times (AOR: 95% , 5.60) more likely to have good pregnancy risk perception than their counterparts (Table 5).

4. Discussion

A major finding of this study was that above half of pregnant women had significantly poor risk perception. Out of the total study subjects, 48% had a good pregnancy risk perception. The independent variables that affect pregnancy risk perception were history of obstetric complications, knowing women who died due to pregnancy-related complications, bad obstetric history, and awareness of pregnancy danger signs.

In this study, 48% of pregnant women had a good pregnancy risk perception. Studies conducted at health and medical enters of Hamadan City in the west of Iran, 2 tertiary-care hospitals in Winnipeg, Manitoba, two major teaching hospitals of a city in Western Canada, and urban tertiary care hospital in western Canada showed that their mean score perception of pregnancy risk was below the midpoint of scales. It means that 100% of their study participants perceived that their susceptibility to pregnancy-related complications was mild. This difference might be due to that all the research was conducted using a visual analog scale tool measurement which is only administered for literate people, data collection tool difference, sociocultural difference, sample size difference, and time gap of the study [26–29].

This study showed that 48.9% (43.9% and 53.7%) of study subjects perceived that they were susceptible to pregnancy-related complications. This finding was higher than those studies conducted in Mandera County, Kenya (14.5%). This difference might be due to sociocultural differences of study participants, study population, and time gap of the study [25].

This research showed that 29.7% (25.7% and 34.4%) of pregnant women were perceived them to be susceptible to bad pregnancy outcomes, and 58.2% (53.7% and 62.9%) were perceived that they are susceptible to difficult pregnancy periods. This finding was consistent with the study conducted in Mandera County, Kenya (28.2%) [25].

In this study, 74.3% (70.5% and 78.4%) of pregnant women perceived that their baby will be born prematurely. This result was consistent with studies conducted in Mandera County, Kenya (75%). But studies conducted at Hamadan City, Iran and Winnipeg, Manitoba showed that mean score perceptions were below the midpoint of scales that indicate mild risk perception. This difference might be due to the difference of measurement scale, sociocultural difference, and time gap of the study [25, 26, 28].

This study revealed that 45.1% (40.1% and 49.9%) of pregnant women were perceived that the occurrence of pregnancy complications would not threaten their relationship with their partners, which is lower than a study conducted in Mandera County, Kenya (51%). This difference might be due to the sociocultural difference of study participants and the time gap of the study. Besides, it may be because Ethiopian women were honest with their husbands to keep their promise during the marriage [25].

In this study, mean score perception pregnancy risk in pregnant women showed that they did not perceive that they are at risk for dying due to pregnancy-related complications. Studies conducted in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Western Canada, and the west of Iran had mild risk perception. This difference may be due to differences in measurement scale, data collection tool, sociocultural difference, and educational status of respondents [26–28].

Approximately, seventy percent of women perceived that their babies would die during labor and delivery. This result was inconsistent with studies conducted in western Canada and Hamadan City in the west of Iran. This difference may be due to differences in measurement scale, sociocultural difference, and educational status of respondents [26, 27].

Pregnant women who had awareness of pregnancy danger signs were more likely to have positive pregnancy risk perception than their counterparts. This may be due to knowledge about pregnancy danger signs clearing rumors about pregnancy-related complications and increasing their awareness about pregnancy-related complications.

According to this study, pregnant women with bad obstetric history were more likely to have positive pregnancy risk perception. This may be due to pregnant women being familiarized with the bad obstetric outcome and learning their susceptibility towards pregnancy-related complications.

In this research, one of the factors that affecting positively, pregnancy risk perception was knowing a woman who died due to pregnancy-related complications. This may be because these women learned the probability of developing pregnancy-related complications as well as the consequences of pregnancy-related complications from women’s death due to pregnancy-related complications.

Generally, pregnant women with a bad obstetric history, past obstetric complication, and knew a woman who died due to pregnancy-related complications were associated with pregnancy risk perception. This result was similar to the concept of availability of the Heuristic approach which means that an individual makes a judgment about likelihood of an event based on experience or information from others [2]. In this study, experience and information from others are pregnant women with bad obstetric history and past obstetric complications and knew a woman who died due to pregnancy-related complications, respectively.

In this study, age of pregnant women is not significantly associated with pregnancy risk perception. But women years had statistically significantly associated with pregnancy risk perception than women aged 18 to 35 in studies conducted at health and medical centers of Hamadan City in the west of Iran [26]. This difference might be due to sampling size difference (421 pregnant women versus 240 pregnant women), age category difference (15-43 years versus <35 years), study participant difference (both nulliparous and multiparous versus only nulliparous), measurement scale differences (Likert scale versus visual analog scale), and the difference in data collection tools.

5. Conclusion

The pregnant women perceive that they were risky in developing pregnancy-related complications, and their consequences were low. Only forty-eight percent of pregnant women had good pregnancy risk perception. This is likely to have implications for medical care and pregnancy outcomes.

History of obstetric complication and bad obstetric history was associated with a higher degree of actual risk perception in pregnancy whilst women who knew the death of pregnant women due to pregnancy complication and knew at least one pregnancy danger signs were more likely to be concerned about risk.

5.1. Strength

The strength of this research is that it is the primary research conducted in Ethiopia and Africa. Besides, the research measures the outcome variables using the two components of the health belief model (perceived susceptibility and severity).

5.2. Limitations

This study was conducted within the clinical area. Therefore, the results cannot be generalized to a woman who failed to attend antenatal care. In addition, cultural influence of pregnancy risk perception should be identify using a qualitative research approach, but this research lacks it.

Abbreviations

ANC:	Antenatal care
FANC:	Focused antenatal care
HBM:	Health belief model
MMR:	Maternal mortality ratio
PPH:	-Postpartum hemorrhage.

Data Availability

The original data for this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Ethical Approval

Ethical clearance was obtained from the Debre Markos University College of Health Sciences’ ethical review committee. Besides, permission was obtained from the Jabi Tehnan District Health Bureau. All study participants were informed about the purpose of the study, and informed consent was obtained from each study participant orally.

Disclosure

I would like to acknowledge that this is my original work and for sure not published anywhere but posted as preprint [30].

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Authors’ Contributions

DA and AM wrote study design, data entry, data analysis, and result. AM was responsible of the data analysis, results’ writing, preparing the manuscript, and reading and approving the final manuscript. DM collected and entered the data. WK, YD, YD, LB, FT, DM, AA, and BT managed the manuscript writing and read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Hailu Alemu College for the financial support to this study and the Debre Markos University for granting permission to this study.

References

C. Darker, “Risk perception,” in Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, M. D. Gellman and J. R. Turner, Eds., pp. 1689–1691, Springer, New York, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Tversky and D. Kahneman, “Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases,” Science, vol. 185, no. 4157, pp. 1124–1131, 1974.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Jackson, N. Allum, and G. Gaskell, “Bridging levels of analysis in risk perception research: the case of the fear of crime,” Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, vol. 7, no. 1, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. J. Atkinson and M. F. Farias, “Perceptions of risk during pregnancy amongst urban women in Northeast Brazil,” Social Science & Medicine, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 1577–1586, 1995.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Kowalewski, A. Jahn, and S. S. Kimatta, “Why do at-risk mothers fail to reach referral level? Barriers beyond distance and cost,” African Journal Of Reproductive Health, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 100–109, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. D. Suplee, K. Dawley, and J. R. Bloch, “Tailoring peripartum nursing care for women of advanced maternal age,” Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 616–623, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Fraser and M. A. Cooper, “Myles text book for midwives,” Midwifery, vol. 33, no. 3, p. 752, 2003.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Agus, S. Horiuchi, and S. E. Porter, “Rural Indonesia women’s traditional beliefs about antenatal care,” BMC Research Notes, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Gabrysch and O. M. Campbell, “Still too far to walk: literature review of the determinants of delivery service use,” BMC Pregnancy And Childbirth, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–18, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Baral, K. Lyons, J. Skinner, and E. Van Teijlingen, “Determinants of skilled birth attendants for delivery in Nepal,” Kathmandu University Medical Journal, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 325–332, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
B. N. Sianchapa, Knowledge and Perception of Women towards Danger Signs in Pregnancy in Choma District, 2012.
A. Fitwi, G. Buruh, M. Rejeu et al., Awareness and Perception of Husbands towards Obstetric Danger Signs in Northern Ethiopia, Researchsquare, 2020.
S. Nurgi, E. Tachbele, W. Dibekulu, and M. A. Wondim, “Knowledge, attitude and practice of obstetric danger signs during pregnancy in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia,” Health Science Journal, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 1–7, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Hiluf and M. Fantahun, “Birth preparedness and complication readiness among women in Adigrat town, North Ethiopia,” Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 14–20, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Mekonnen and A. Gebremariam, “Causes of maternal death in Ethiopia between 1990 and 2016: systematic review with meta-analysis,” Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, vol. 32, no. 4, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
Organization WH, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems: Tabular List, World Health Organization, 2004.
L. Say, D. Chou, A. Gemmill et al., “Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis,” The Lancet Global Health, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. e323–e333, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
World Health Organization, Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2017: estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division, World Health Organization, 2009.
A. Conde-Agudelo, J. M. Belizán, and C. Lammers, “Maternal-perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with adolescent pregnancy in Latin America: cross-sectional study,” American Journal Of Obstetrics And Gynecology, vol. 192, no. 2, pp. 342–349, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. E. Knight, A. Self, and S. H. Kennedy, “Why are women dying when they reach hospital on time? A systematic review of the ‘third delay’,” PloS One, vol. 8, no. 5, article e63846, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Thapa, Risk Perception of Woman on Pregnancy, Childbirth, and the Postpartum Phase and the Association of the First Delay: A Case of Rural Nepal: Master’s Thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, 2014.
Central Statistical Agency, 2007 Population And Housing Census Of Ethiopia, 2012.
M. Meseret, M. Shibabaw, and G. Tsegaye, “Determinants of tuberculosis among adults in Jabi Tehnan district, West Gojjam zone, Northwest Ethiopia: a case control study,” International Journal of Public Health & Safety, vol. 2, no. 3, article 1000128, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Thapa, Risk perception of woman on pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum phase and the association to the first delay: a case of rural Nepal (Doctoral dissertation, M. Sc. Thesis, the Wageningen University), Wageningen University, 2014.
M. C. Muthingu, Uptake Of Focused Antenatal Care Services Among Women Of Reproductive Age In Nakuru County, Kenya, 2019.
Z. Taghizadeh, M. A. Cheraghi, A. Kazemnejad, J. Pooralajal, and S. Aghababaei, “Difference in perception of pregnancy risk in two maternal age groups,” Journal Of Clinical And Diagnostic Research: JCDR, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. QC09–QC12, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Gupton, M. Heaman, and L. W. K. Cheung, “Complicated and uncomplicated pregnancies: women's perception of risk,” Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 192–201, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Bayrampour, M. Heaman, K. A. Duncan, and S. Tough, “Comparison of perception of pregnancy risk of nulliparous women of advanced maternal age and younger age,” Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 445–453, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Heaman, J. Beaton, A. Gupton, and J. Sloan, “A comparison of childbirth expectations in high-risk and low-risk pregnant women,” Clinical Nursing Research, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 252–265, 1992.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. A. Alemu, A. M. M. Zegeye, W. K. Dessie, L. B. Zeleke, and D. M. Belay, Pregnancy Risk Perception and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at Health Centers in Jabitehnan District, Amhara, Northwest Ethiopia, 2021.

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Demeke Andebet Alemu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

967

Downloads

693

Citations