Research Article
Angiopoietin-2 Is Associated with Aortic Stiffness in Diabetes Patients in Ghana: A Case-Control Study
Table 1
General characteristics of study participants.
| | All participants () | T2DM () | Nondiabetic controls () | |
| | Females, (%) | 125 (50) | 63 (45) | 62 (56.4) | 0.15 | | Age (yrs) | | | | 0.54 | | Hypertensive | | | 17 (15.5) | <0.001 | | Insulin medication | | 46 (32.9) | | | | Weight (kg) | | | | 0.672 | | Height (cm) | | | | 0.061 | | BMI (kg/m2) | | | | 0.571 | | Waist circumference (cm) | | | | 0.073 | | Waist-hip ratio | | | | 0.382 | | Systolic BP (mmHg) | | | | 0.174 | | Diastolic BP (mmHg) | | | | 0.594 | | Pulse BP (mmHg) | | | | 0.485 | | Heart rate (bpm) | | | | <0.01 | | FPG (mmol/l) | | | | <0.01 | | 2 h-PPG (mmol/l) | | | | | | Triglycerides (mmol/l) | | | | 0.586 | | Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | | | | <0.001 | | HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | | | | 0.025 | | LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | | | | <0.001 | | PWV (m/s) | | | | 0.031 | | AIx (%) | | | | <0.001 | | Aortic systolic BP (mmHg) | | | | 0.064 | | Aortic PP (mmHg) | | | | 0.011 | | Angiopoietin-1 (ng/ml) | | | | 0.009 | | Angiopoietin-2 (pg/ml) | 856 (519–1201) | 893 (595–1316) | 773 (483–1088) | 0.018 | | VEGF (pg/ml) | 79 (36–179) | 105 (44–222) | 66 (34–126) | 0.036 |
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BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; 2 h-PPG: 2-hour postglucose load plasma glucose; HDL: high-density lipoprotein, LDL: low-density lipoprotein; PWV: aortic pulse wave velocity; AIx: aortic augmentation index; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.
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