Review Article
Glycopeptide Resistance in Gram-Positive Cocci: A Review
Table 1
The “Van Alphabet” (Phenotypes and Genotypes of vancomycin resistant enterococci).
| Phenotype | Genotype (Gene clusters) | Vancomycin Resistance | Teicoplanin Resistance | Type of resistance |
| VanA [3] (commonly in E. faecalis and E. faecium) | vanA gene cluster | High-level resistance MIC-64 μg/mL-1000 μg/mL | High-level resistance MIC-16–512 μ/mL | High level inducible resistance | VanB [3] (commonly in E. faecalis and E. faecium) | vanB gene cluster | High-level resistance MIC-4–512 μg/mL | Sensitive MIC μg/mL | High level inducible resistance | VanC [3] (E. gallinarum, E. casseliflavus , E. flavescens) | vanC1, vanC2, vanC3 gene clusters | Low level resistance MIC-2 μg/mL-32 μg/mL | Sensitive MIC μg/mL | Low level constitutive resistance | VanD [4] | vanD gene cluster | Moderate-High level resistance MIC-64–256 μg/mL | Low-level resistance MIC-4–32 μg/mL | Inducible resistance | VanE [5] | vanE gene cluster | Low-level resistance MIC-16 μg/mL | Sensitive MIC-≤0.5 μg/mL | Inducible resistance | VanG [5] | vanG gene | Low level resistance MIC μg/mL | Sensitive MIC μg/mL | Inducible resistance | VanL [6] | vanL gene cluster | Low level resistance MIC-8 μ/mL | Sensitive | Inducible resistance | VanM [7] | vanM | High-level resistance MIC μg/mL | High level resistance | Inducible resistance | VanN [4] | vanN | Low-level resistance MIC-16 μg/mL | Sensitive MIC μg/mL | Constitutive resistance |
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