Landscape Ecology and Epidemiology of Malaria Associated with Rubber Plantations in Thailand: Integrated Approaches to Malaria Ecotoping

Figure 4

The ecotope B. (a) The essence of the ecotope B. In a given MRP ecotope with traditional or nontraditional RPPs, the water body or the waterway can serve as breeding site for Anopheles mosquitoes including potent vectors although adapted to local environments. Most waterways (I) and water bodies (II) are considered the sentinel sites used in the Anopheles larval survey. (b) The ecotope B as essential for the MRP ecotope with traditional RPPs in southern Thailand. Evidently, a 2012–2014 ground survey including Anopheles larval survey demonstrated that the man-made reservoir (I) as well as the plastic bowl (II) serves as breeding site for An. maculatus.

(a) The essence of ecotope B

(b) Ecotope B essential for MRP ecotopes of South Thailand