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| Reference | System | Chemistry models | Radiation modeling | Results and conclusions |
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| Prieler et al. [24] | Turbulent high temperature furnace for smelting and annealing applications | Eddy dissipation concept (EDC) with 46 reversible reactions, steady laminar flamelet (SFM) approach with flamelet libraries generated employing 25-step, 46-step mechanisms as well as 325 reactions in GRI-Mech 3.0 | Default WSGGM in ANSYS FLUENT (gray model) employed with P-1 and discrete ordinates (DO) radiation models | Temperature and species concentration predictions from EDC and SFM were very similar. SFM calculations were about 5 times faster than the EDC calculations that employed detailed chemistry. The P1 radiation model overestimated emission and predicted lower temperatures than measurements |
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| Nemitallah and Habib [25] | Turbulent, diffusion flame in a gas-turbine combustor investigated for a wide range of operational parameters | Modified 2-step chemistry mechanism [16] | DO radiation model; radiative property model was not specified | Overall flame shape and exhaust gas concentrations were well-predicted employing the modified two-step mechanisms |
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Galletti et al. [26] | 3 MW semi-industrial burner | Eddy dissipation model (EDM), EDC, modified global mechanisms | P1/DO, revised WSGGM coefficients [10] | Turbulence chemistry interactions play an important role in determining the temperature and species concentrations; EDC provides satisfactory temperature and species predictions |
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| Wheaton et al. [27] | 0.8 MW turbulent burner, high temperature air combustion (HTAC) burner | Nonadiabatic equilibrium PDF | DO radiation model, revised WSGGM [28] employed in nongray simulations | Reasonable agreement of temperature with measurements, high concentrations of radiatively participating gases by themselves are not enough to warrant the use of nongray models. The peak temperatures, temperature gradients, and furnace dimensions also need to be taken into consideration |
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| Yin et al. [17] | Semi-industrial furnace | Global 2-step and 4-step reaction mechanisms [14, 15] as well as modified versions of these mechanisms | DO radiation model, revised WSGGM [11] employed in gray simulations | The refined chemistry models were able to better predict the temperature and CO concentrations downstream of the furnace |
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Bhadraiah and Raghavan [29] | Laminar, unconfined | Four global mechanisms, 43-step skeletal mechanism | Optically thin radiation model | Major gases and temperature predictions from the 2-step are closer to the 43-step mechanism. Two-step mechanism predicts the location of the reaction zone accurately. Improvements agree at higher flow rates but only qualitative prediction of CO |
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| Kim et al. [30] | 0.78 MW turbulent natural gas furnace | Conservative conditional moment closure for turbulence chemistry interactions with detailed chemistry mechanisms | Radiation model and the determination of radiative properties not specified | A good qualitative agreement is obtained with the temperature overestimated at short radial distances. CO2 was underestimated and CO was overestimated in the high temperature regions |
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| Bennett et al. [31] | Laminar, unconfined diffusion flames | GRI-Mech 3.0 | Optically thin radiation model | Computational and experimental flame lengths and maximum centerline temperatures show excellent agreement. Radial profiles when plotted at fixed values of a dimensionless axial coordinate also show excellent agreement |
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| Abdul-Sater and Krishnamoorthy [21] | Laminar, confined diffusion flames | Nonadiabatic equilibrium PDF | DO radiation model, revised WSGGM [28] employed in gray and nongray simulations | Computational and experimental flame lengths and temperature profiles show excellent agreement. Significant variations in the flame radiant fraction predictions between the gray and nongray models |
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