Real Costs Assessment of Solar-Hydrogen and Some Fossil Fuels by means of a Combustion Analysis

<table class="table-group" id="tab4"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="7"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_center" colspan="2">⁢Fuels</td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 12.4708ptpx;"><svg height="14.1649pt" id="M77" style="vertical-align:-5.529pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 12.4708 14.1649" width="12.4708pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M244 607C244 633 228 655 200 655C166 655 146 618 146 594C146 564 166 546 191 546C221 546 244 574 244 607ZM222 91L209 114C184 94 148 66 133 66C127 66 124 73 130 96L201 370C213 416 211 448 191 448C162 448 88 407 29 352L42 328C73 354 104 371 114 371C120 371 119 365 115 345L53 92C32 5 45 -12 68 -12C103 -12 186 50 222 91Z" id="g113-106"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="273" vert-adv-y="273"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.484,3.132)"><path d="M400 606C400 634 383 656 353 656C316 656 294 620 294 593C294 564 317 545 343 545C375 545 400 573 400 606ZM366 351C379 413 381 451 356 451C323 451 251 408 183 341L199 313C223 335 267 365 277 365C285 365 284 354 277 312C245 132 222 27 193 -100C182 -148 160 -188 131 -188C113 -188 90 -178 75 -170C64 -164 55 -168 48 -175C38 -185 24 -203 24 -222S48 -257 71 -257C89 -257 131 -241 186 -192C243 -141 286 -46 310 74L366 351Z" id="g50-107"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="430" vert-adv-y="430"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.398,3.132)"><path d="M389 0V32C297 38 291 46 291 118V635C234 613 175 595 109 583V556L161 554C203 552 207 547 207 497V118C207 46 201 38 110 32V0H389Z" id="g50-50"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 12.4708ptpx;"><svg height="14.1649pt" id="M78" style="vertical-align:-5.529pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 12.4708 14.1649" width="12.4708pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M244 607C244 633 228 655 200 655C166 655 146 618 146 594C146 564 166 546 191 546C221 546 244 574 244 607ZM222 91L209 114C184 94 148 66 133 66C127 66 124 73 130 96L201 370C213 416 211 448 191 448C162 448 88 407 29 352L42 328C73 354 104 371 114 371C120 371 119 365 115 345L53 92C32 5 45 -12 68 -12C103 -12 186 50 222 91Z" id="g113-106"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="273" vert-adv-y="273"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.484,3.132)"><path d="M400 606C400 634 383 656 353 656C316 656 294 620 294 593C294 564 317 545 343 545C375 545 400 573 400 606ZM366 351C379 413 381 451 356 451C323 451 251 408 183 341L199 313C223 335 267 365 277 365C285 365 284 354 277 312C245 132 222 27 193 -100C182 -148 160 -188 131 -188C113 -188 90 -178 75 -170C64 -164 55 -168 48 -175C38 -185 24 -203 24 -222S48 -257 71 -257C89 -257 131 -241 186 -192C243 -141 286 -46 310 74L366 351Z" id="g50-107"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="430" vert-adv-y="430"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.398,3.132)"><path d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z" id="g50-51"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 12.4708ptpx;"><svg height="14.1649pt" id="M79" style="vertical-align:-5.529pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 12.4708 14.1649" width="12.4708pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M244 607C244 633 228 655 200 655C166 655 146 618 146 594C146 564 166 546 191 546C221 546 244 574 244 607ZM222 91L209 114C184 94 148 66 133 66C127 66 124 73 130 96L201 370C213 416 211 448 191 448C162 448 88 407 29 352L42 328C73 354 104 371 114 371C120 371 119 365 115 345L53 92C32 5 45 -12 68 -12C103 -12 186 50 222 91Z" id="g113-106"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="273" vert-adv-y="273"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.484,3.132)"><path d="M400 606C400 634 383 656 353 656C316 656 294 620 294 593C294 564 317 545 343 545C375 545 400 573 400 606ZM366 351C379 413 381 451 356 451C323 451 251 408 183 341L199 313C223 335 267 365 277 365C285 365 284 354 277 312C245 132 222 27 193 -100C182 -148 160 -188 131 -188C113 -188 90 -178 75 -170C64 -164 55 -168 48 -175C38 -185 24 -203 24 -222S48 -257 71 -257C89 -257 131 -241 186 -192C243 -141 286 -46 310 74L366 351Z" id="g50-107"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="430" vert-adv-y="430"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.398,3.132)"><path d="M290 377C321 398 342 415 358 430C378 450 389 473 389 502C389 578 329 635 238 635H237C184 635 137 610 109 578L64 515L88 493C112 529 154 573 208 573S303 542 303 482C303 409 233 370 141 341L149 308C165 313 190 319 215 319C272 319 341 283 341 193C342 98 292 43 222 43C163 43 122 72 96 94C88 101 79 100 70 94C61 87 47 73 46 60C44 47 48 37 62 23C76 10 118 -12 165 -12C238 -12 430 62 430 223C430 297 379 359 290 375V377Z" id="g50-52"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 12.4708ptpx;"><svg height="14.1649pt" id="M80" style="vertical-align:-5.529pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 12.4708 14.1649" width="12.4708pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M244 607C244 633 228 655 200 655C166 655 146 618 146 594C146 564 166 546 191 546C221 546 244 574 244 607ZM222 91L209 114C184 94 148 66 133 66C127 66 124 73 130 96L201 370C213 416 211 448 191 448C162 448 88 407 29 352L42 328C73 354 104 371 114 371C120 371 119 365 115 345L53 92C32 5 45 -12 68 -12C103 -12 186 50 222 91Z" id="g113-106"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="273" vert-adv-y="273"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.484,3.132)"><path d="M400 606C400 634 383 656 353 656C316 656 294 620 294 593C294 564 317 545 343 545C375 545 400 573 400 606ZM366 351C379 413 381 451 356 451C323 451 251 408 183 341L199 313C223 335 267 365 277 365C285 365 284 354 277 312C245 132 222 27 193 -100C182 -148 160 -188 131 -188C113 -188 90 -178 75 -170C64 -164 55 -168 48 -175C38 -185 24 -203 24 -222S48 -257 71 -257C89 -257 131 -241 186 -192C243 -141 286 -46 310 74L366 351Z" id="g50-107"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="430" vert-adv-y="430"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.398,3.132)"><path d="M462 177V227H365V632H320C217 496 116 350 21 208V177H284V109C284 43 280 38 190 31V0H451V31C369 38 365 43 365 108V177H462ZM284 227H88C155 336 218 430 282 519H284V227Z" id="g50-53"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 13.713ptpx;"><svg height="14.1649pt" id="M81" style="vertical-align:-5.529pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 13.713 14.1649" width="13.713pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M244 607C244 633 228 655 200 655C166 655 146 618 146 594C146 564 166 546 191 546C221 546 244 574 244 607ZM222 91L209 114C184 94 148 66 133 66C127 66 124 73 130 96L201 370C213 416 211 448 191 448C162 448 88 407 29 352L42 328C73 354 104 371 114 371C120 371 119 365 115 345L53 92C32 5 45 -12 68 -12C103 -12 186 50 222 91Z" id="g113-106"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="273" vert-adv-y="273"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.484,3.132)"><path d="M400 606C400 634 383 656 353 656C316 656 294 620 294 593C294 564 317 545 343 545C375 545 400 573 400 606ZM366 351C379 413 381 451 356 451C323 451 251 408 183 341L199 313C223 335 267 365 277 365C285 365 284 354 277 312C245 132 222 27 193 -100C182 -148 160 -188 131 -188C113 -188 90 -178 75 -170C64 -164 55 -168 48 -175C38 -185 24 -203 24 -222S48 -257 71 -257C89 -257 131 -241 186 -192C243 -141 286 -46 310 74L366 351Z" id="g50-107"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="430" vert-adv-y="430"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.398,3.132)"><path d="M615 650H141L132 618C223 612 227 607 212 526L136 123C122 42 112 38 27 32L18 0H522C539 33 580 135 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class="align_left">c</td><td class="align_center">CH<sub>4</sub></td><td class="align_center">0.8386</td><td class="align_center">0.9999</td><td class="align_center">0.9998</td><td class="align_center">1.0000</td><td class="align_center"><b>0.8385</b></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">d</td><td class="align_center">C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub></td><td class="align_center">0.6573</td><td class="align_center">0.9998</td><td class="align_center">0.9999</td><td class="align_center">0.9999</td><td class="align_center"><b>0.6572</b></td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="7"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

Specific and global environmental indexes obtained for the investigated fuels.

Journal of Combustion

tab4

Table 4

Table 4: Real Costs Assessment of Solar-Hydrogen and Some Fossil Fuels by means of a Combustion Analysis 