Antidiabetic Potential of Phytochemicals Found in Vernonia amygdalina

Table 2

Antidiabetic activity of plant parts of Vernonia species.

Species	Sample type	Study type	Extract type/component	Standard	Activity	Mechanism	Ref.
V. amygdalina	Leaves	In vitro	Aqueous	Metformin	50 μg/ml	Stimulation of glucose	[59]
	Leaves	In vitro	Acetone	—	8.44 μg/ml	Inhibition of α amylase and α glucosidase	[56]
	Roots	In vitro	Aqueous	Acarbose	5.6 μg/ml	α glucosidase inhibition	[64]
	Leaves	In vitro	Vernoamyoside E	Acarbose	102.23 μg/ml	Inhibition of α amylase and α glucosidase	[8]
	Flowers	In vitro	Luteolin	Acarbose	6.530.16 μg/ml	Inhibition of α glucosidase	[107]
	Leaves	In vivo	Aqueous	Tolbutamide	80 mg/kg	Hypoglycaemic effects	[52]
	Leaves	In vivo	Ethanolic	—	400 mg/kg	Regeneration of pancreatic β cells	[108]
	Leaves	In vivo	80% ethanolic	Metformin	400 mg/kg	Inhibition of hepatic G6Pase &increase in expression & translocation of GLUT4 in skeletal muscles.	[58]
	Leaves	In vivo	Crude	Metformin	1000 mg	Revival of pancreatic β cells	[60]
	Leaves	In vivo	30% ethanolic	AMPK inhibitor	50–150 mg/kg	AMPK mediated suppression of gluconeogenesis	[62]
		In vitro			>200 ng/ml
	Leaves	In vivo	11β,13-dihydrovernolide	Metformin	10 mg/kgbw	—	[49]
	Leaves	In vivo	Vernonioside E	Insulin	0.70 mg/kgbw LD50 = 1.4 mg/kg bw	Decreased gluconeogenesis	[63]
V. anthelmentica	Leaves	In vitro	Ethyl acetate	Quercetin	IC50 = 52 μg/ml	Inhibition of aldose reductase	[109]
	Callus	In vitro	Ethyl acetate	Acarbose	IC50 = 552.3 μg/ml	Inhibition of α glucosidase	[109]
	Callus	In vitro	Ethyl acetate	Acarbose	IC50 = 328.6 μg/ml	Inhibition of α glucosidase	[109]
	Seeds	In vivo	Methanolic	Insulin	100 mg/kg bw	—	[110]
	Seeds	In vivo	Ethanolic	Glibenclamide	500 mg/kg bw	Induction of insulin release from the remaining beta cells within the islets of Langerhans	[111]
V. colorata	Leaves	In vivo	Acetone	Glibenclamide	100 mg/kg	Sulfonyl urea like mechanism	[112]
V. galamensis	Leaves	In vivo	Aqueous	Metformin	700 mg/kg LD50 >5000 mg/kgbw	—	[107]