Research Article

Phenolic Compound Content and Antioxidant Activity of Rheum ribes Shells

Table 1

Phenolic compounds identified using LC-HRMS.

NoPhenolic compound profileCompound typesResult (mg/kg)

1Luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide (luteolin-7-O-glucuronide)FlavonoidN/F
22,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (beta-resorcylic acid)Dihydroxybenzoic acid and derivative15.238
33,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde (protocatechuic aldehyde)Dihydroxybenzoic acid and derivative33.948
43,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC; homoprotocatechuic acid)Dihydroxybenzoic acid and derivative75.782
53-Hydroxybenzoic acid (3-HBA)Dihydroxybenzoic acid and derivativeN/F
63-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3-HPA)Dihydroxybenzoic acid and derivative221.558
74-Hydroxybenzoic acidDihydroxybenzoic acid and derivative45.349
85,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one (acacetin)FlavonN/F
9Afzelin (kaempferol 3-rhamnoside)Flavon0.493
10Apigenin (5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one)FlavonN/F
11Apigenin 7-glucosideFlavonoid and flavonol glycosidesN/F
12Apigenin 7-glucuronideGlycoside and phenolic glycosideN/F
13Apiin (apigenin-7-(2-O-apiosylglucoside))Glycoside and phenolic glycosideN/F
14ArbutinGlycoside and phenolic glycoside261.139
15Astragalin (kaempferol 3-glucoside)Flavonoid and flavonol glycoside1.134
16Benzoic acidBenzoic acid and derivative144.028
17Caffeic acidPhenolic acid37.866
18Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE)Phenolic acidN/F
19Catechin (cianidanol)-pFlavonoid and flavonol derivative736.564
20Chlorogenic acidPhenolic acidN/F
215,7-dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one (chrysin)Flavonoid and flavonol derivativeN/F
22Coumaric acid (trans-3-hydroxycinnamic acid)Cinnamic acid derivative13.568
23DaidzinIsoflavonoid3.071
24Diosmetin (luteolin 4′-methyl ether)Flavonoid metaboliteN/F
25Doxorubicin hydrochlorideAntineoplastic drugN/F
26Ellagic acidGallic acid and derivative5.243.637
27EmodinAnthraquinone derivative4.639
28EpigallocatechinCatechinN/F
29Epigallocatechin gallateCatechin22.173
30EriocitrinFlavanone derivativeN/F
31Eriodictyol (3,4,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavanone)Flavanone derivativeN/F
32Esculin hydrateCoumarin derivativeN/F
33EthylgallateGallic acid and derivative7.788
34EtoposideAlkaloid and derivativeN/F
35Ferulic acidPhenolic acid39.199
36Fisetin hydrateFlavonol2,304
37Formononetin (neochanin)IsoflavoneN/F
383,5,7-trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one (galangin)FlavanN/F
393,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (gallic acid)Phenolic acid1.713.508
405,7-dihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one (genistein)Phenolic acidN/F
41Genkwanin(4′,5-dihydroxy-7-metthoxyflavone, apigenin 7-O-methyl ether)FlavonolN/F
42Gentisic acidIsoflavone10,62
43GlabridinFlavonolN/F
44HesperidinFlavanoneN/F
45Homovanillic acid ((4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid))Phenolic acid14.16
46Hyperoside (quercetin 3-D-galactoside)Flavonol glycoside46.872
47IsoorientinFlavonol glycosideN/F
48Isorhamnetin (quercetin 3′-methyl ether)MethoxyflavoneN/F
49İsoquercitrin (quercetin 3-glucoside)Flavonol glycoside15.283
50KaempferideMethoxyflavoneN/F
51KaempferitrinFlavoneN/F
52KaempferolFlavoneN/F
53Kuromanine (cyanidin 3-glucoside chloride)Flavone1.134
54Leucoside (kaempferol 3-sambubioside)63.283
55LiquiritigeninFlavoneN/F
56Liquiritin (4′,7-dihydroxyflavanone 4′-glucoside)Flavonol glycosideN/F
57LuteolinFlavone11.376
58Luteolin 7-rutinosideFlavonol glycoside2.936
59Luteoloside (luteolin 7-glucoside)Flavonol glycosideN/F
60Narcissin (narcissoside, isorhamnetin 3-rutinoside)Flavonol glycosideN/F
61NaringeninFlavonoidN/F
62NaringinFlavonoidN/F
63Narirutin (narirutinsa, naringenin rutinoside)FlavonoidN/F
64NeohesperidinFlavonoidN/F
65Kaempferol 3-rutinoside, kaempferol 3-O-β-rutinoside (nicotiflorin)Flavonol glycoside316.813
66OrientinFlavonol glycosideN/F
67PhloridzinFlavanone glycoside52.527
68Procyanidin B2Procyanidin2.930.503
69Protocatechuic acid (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid)Phenolic acid130.31
70Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (protocatechuic acid ethyl ester)Phenolic acidN/F
71QuercetinPhenolic acid728.899
72Quercetin 3-rutinoside 7-glucosideFlavonol glycosideN/F
73Quinic acidPhenolic acid29.933
74Rhoifolin (apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside)Flavonol glycosideN/F
75Rosmarinic acidPhenolic acidN/F
76Rutin hydrate M-OH2Flavonoid glycoside8.917.999
77Sakuranetin (naringenin 7-O-methyl ether)Flavonoid GlycosideFlavonoid glycosideN/F
78Salicylic acidPhenolic acid57.63
79SchaftosideFlavonoid glycoside332.969
80Sinapic acidPhenolic acidN/F
81Syringic acidPhenolic acid0.409
82TilirosideFlavonoid glycosideN/F
83trans-cinnamic acidTrans-cinnamic acidN/F
84Vanillic acidPhenolic acid75.782
85VanillinAromatic acid and aldehyde12.802
86Vicenin 2Flavonoid glycoside103.119
87Vitexin (apigenin 8-C-glucoside)Flavonoid glycoside25.347
88α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acidFlavonoid8.684