Serum Cystatin C, Markers of Chronic Kidney Disease, and Retinopathy in Persons with Diabetes

Table 4

Association between serum cystatin C and moderate DR.

Cystatin C	Prevalence of DR	Age-gender adjusted OR	^*Multivariable adjusted OR
		(95% CI)	(95% CI)
Q1 (<0.82)	19 (16.5%)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
Q2 (0.82–0.94)	21 (18.3%)	1.08 (0.57–2.07)	1.05 (0.51–2.16)
Q3 (0.95–1.11)	19 (16.5%)	0.99 (0.50–1.94)	1.00 (0.46–2.17)
Q4 (1.12–5.07)	56 (48.7%)	3.51 (1.94–6.38)	3.38 (1.55–7.38)
Per SD increase	—	1.92 (1.59–2.33)	1.90 (1.37–2.61)

DR: diabetic retinopathy; Q: quartiles; SD: standard deviation.
^*Model adjusted for age (years), gender (men, women), body mass index (kg/m²), systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), HbA1c (%), diabetes duration (years), albumin creatinine ratio (mg/g), and eGFR_cr (mL/min/1.73 m²).