Research Article
Aqueous Humor Cytokine Levels in Diabetic Macular Edema Patients with Cotton-Wool Spots
Table 1
Demographics and clinical characteristics of DME patients classified with retinal morphology.
| | | DME without CWS () | DME with CWS () | |
| Systemic factors | Sex (male : female) | 32 : 27 | 9 : 12 | 0.521 | Age (years) | 57.0 [52.5; 63.5] | 61.0 [55.0; 64.0] | 0.599 | HbA1C (%) | | | 0.054 | Hypertension | 23 (38.98%) | 13 (61.91%) | 0.119 |
| OCT findings | Number of HF | 5.0 [3.0; 10.0] | 5.0 [4.0; 10.0] | 0.570 | DME type (DRT : CME) | 35 : 24 | 12 : 9 | 1.000 | EZ disruption grade | (-) | 39 (66.10%) | 7 (33.33%) | 0.038 | (+) | 20 (33.90%) | 14 (66.67%) |
| Aqueous humor cytokines and growth factors | ICAM-1 (ng/mL) | 0.00 [0.00; 0.00] | 0.36 [0.00; 2.87] | <0.001 | IL-1β (pg/mL) | 0.00 [0.00; 0.43] | 0.17 [0.00; 0.17] | 0.591 | IL-6 (pg/mL) | 7.96 [4.16; 18.64] | 16.32 [4.98; 31.88] | 0.281 | IL-8 (pg/mL) | 13.65 [9.77; 23.84] | 11.37 [8.16; 24.43] | 0.364 | IL-10 (pg/mL) | 0.65 [0.19; 1.32] | 0.53 [0.26; 0.93] | 0.700 | IL-17 (pg/mL) | 1.36 [0.54; 1.96] | 0.54 [0.00; 2.55] | 0.356 | PlGF (pg/mL) | 2.85 [1.92; 3.97] | 2.85 [2.32; 7.70] | 0.477 | VEGF (pg/mL) | 48.18 [22.62; 80.33] | 92.73 [59.70; 184.46] | 0.006 |
| Ocular factors | Baseline BCVA (logMAR) | 0.50 [0.30; 1.00] | 0.70 [0.50; 1.00] | 0.053 | BCVA after IVBs (logMAR) | 0.40 [0.20; 0.70] | 0.70 [0.40; 1.00] | 0.006 | Baseline CST (μm) | 353.0 [326.5; 419.5] | 391.0 [347.0; 574.0] | 0.054 | CST after IVBs (μm) | 314.0 [286.5; 358.5] | 313.0 [272.0; 398.0] | 0.861 | DMR (NPDR : PDR) | 26 : 33 | 9 : 12 | 1.000 |
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Values are expressed as or median and interquartile range, as appropriate. DME: diabetic macular edema; CWS: cotton-wool spot; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HF: hyperreflective foci; CME: cystoid macular edema; DRT: diffuse retinal thickening; EZ: ellipsoid zone; ICAM: intercellular adhesion molecule; IL: interleukin; PlGF: placental growth factor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; BCVA: best-corrected visual acuity; IVB: intravitreal bevacizumab; CST: central subfield thickness; DMR: DM retinopathy; NPDR: nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy. |