The Effect of a Patient Activation Tailored Intervention on Type 2 Diabetes Self-Management and Clinical Outcomes: A Study from Saudi Arabian Primary Care Settings
Table 3
Paired sample -test of study’s outcomes.
Baseline ()
Postintervention ()
Mean difference
PAM score
61.58 (15.69)
-6.83
-5.30
<0.001
Clinical outcomes
HbA1c
0.83
4.76
<0.001
Diastolic blood pressure
-0.03
-0.03
0.98
Systolic blood pressure
2.92
1.05
0.55
Cholesterol
0.15
0.87
0.39
Triglyceride
-0.04
-0.36
0.72
BMI
1.74
6.60
<0.001
Self-management behaviors
General diet
-1.01
-3.67
<0.001
Specific diet
-0.07
-0.36
0.72
Overall diet score
0.56
-2.85
0.006
Exercise
-0.95
-3.47
<0.001
Blood glucose self-testing
-0.86
-2.98
<0.001
Foot care
-0.25
-0.78
0.44
Adherence to medication
-0.11
-0.59
0.56
Overall score
-0.50
-3.70
<0.001
DKT
-0.92
-2.82
0.01
PAID-5
-0.02
-0.05
0.96
DQOL
1.47
1.47
0.15
Note. BMI = body mass index; DKT = diabetes-related knowledge test; PAID-5 = problem area in diabetes; DQOL = diabetes-related quality of life; M = mean; SD = standard deviation.