Translation of a Diabetes Remission Service into Australian Primary Care: Findings from the Evaluation of DiRECT-Australia

Table 3

Changes in anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical measures at 12 and 52 weeks’ follow-up ().

Variable; Mean (CI) or (%)	Baseline	12 weeks follow-up		52 weeks follow-up
		Mean difference^#	value	Mean difference^#	value
Weight (in kg)	104.6 (98.5, 110.8)	-12.0 (-9.6, -14.4)	<0.001	-9.1 (-5.2, -12.9)	<0.001
BMI (in kg/m^2)	37.0 (35.3, 38.7)	-4.0 (-3.2, -4.9)	<0.001	-2.5 (-1.4, -3.5)	<0.001
Waist circumference (in cm)	114.9 (108.9, 120.9)	-14.1 (-8.4, -19.8)	<0.001	-8.3 (-3.6, -13.0)	<0.001
SBP (in mmHg)	129.7 (125.1, 134.4)	-2.7 (2.4, -7.8)	0.295	-0.8 (3.9, -5.4)	0.727
DBP (in mmHg)	83.9 (81.1, 86.6)	-3.0 (0.3, -6.3)	0.071	-2.4 (0.8, -5.5)	0.128
Capillary blood glucose (in mmol/L)	8.4 (7.0, 9.7)	-1.8 (-0.5, -3.2)	0.007	-1.6 (-0.5, -2.7)	0.004
Biochemical profile
Measure of blood glucose
HbA1c (in %)	7.4 (7.0, 7.8)	-1.1 (-0.6, -1.6)	<0.001	-0.6 (-0.1, -1.1)	0.013
Kidney function test
Urea (in mmol/L)	6.9 (3.7, 10.1)	-1.1 (2.0, -4.2)	0.473	-0.8 (2.3, -3.9)	0.584
Creatinine (in μmol/L)	72.6 (65.9, 74.2)	-1.4 (3.2, -6.0)	0.536	5.9 (11.6, -0.3)	0.051
eGFR (in ml/min/1.73 m^2)	85.7 (82.8, 88.5)	-0.6 (-2.7, 1.5)	0.694	-1.5 (2.1, -5.2)	0.363
Urine ACR (in mg/mmol)	3.1 (1.5, 4.8)	0.8 (2.8, -1.2)	0.465	2.5 (8.0, -3.1)	0.346
Lipid profile
Total cholesterol (in mmol/L)	4.7 (4.3, 5.0)	-0.3 (0.1, -0.7)	0.105	-0.2 (0.2, -0.5)	0.117
Triglyceride (in mmol/L)	2.7 (1.9, 3.5)	-0.9 (-0.2, -1.7)	0.013	-0.6 (-0.3, -0.9)	<0.001
HDL-cholesterol (in mmol/L)	1.2 (1.1, 1.3)	0.0 (0.1, -0.1)	0.431	0.1 (0.2, 0.1)	0.004
LDL-cholesterol (in mmol/L)	2.5 (2.2, 2.8)	-0.3 (0.1, -0.7)	0.120	-0.1 (0.3, -0.5)	0.562
Liver function test
Total bilirubin (in μmol/L)	11.7 (9.9, 13.6)	0.8 (2.1, -0.5)	0.273	0.9 (2.9, -1.0)	0.377
Albumin (in g/L)	43.0 (42.0, 43.9)	0.2 (1.5, -1.0)	0.791	0.9 (3.1, -1.3)	0.440
ALP (in IU/L)	78.4 (69.7, 87.2)	0.7 (7.2, -5.8)	0.839	-1.5 (6.8, -9.8)	0.715
GGT (in IU/L)	50.6 (39.2, 61.9)	-10.5 (-2.0, -19.0)	0.015	-12.0 (-0.3, -23.8)	0.044
ALT (in IU/L)	47.1 (34.5, 59.6)	-7.2 (5.7, -20.0)	0.270	0.8 (25.1, -23.5)	0.953
AST (in IU/L)	32.5 (25.7, 39.4)	-2.9 (3.8, -9.6)	0.392	3.9 (18.9, -11.1)	0.612
Serum-based liver fibrosis score
FIB-4 index	1.1 (0.9, 1.3)	0.1 (0.3, -0.2)	0.882	0.2 (0.5, -0.2)	0.432
APRI score	0.4 (0.2, 0.5)	-0.1 (0.1, -0.2)	0.109	0.2 (0.4, -0.1)	0.491
NAFLD fibrosis score	-0.6 (-1.2, -0.1)	0.1 (0.8, -0.6)	0.891	0.1 (0.6, -0.3)	0.720

Abbreviations: ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: alanine transaminase; APRI: AST to platelet ratio index; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; FIB-4: fibrosis-4 index for liver fibrosis; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; SBP: systolic blood pressure; urine ACR: urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio. ^#Mean difference = follow-up value-baseline value. Note: values presented are unadjusted for multiple testing; values marked with an “” retained significance after Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple testing. eGFR was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation.