Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors on Intima-Media Thickness: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Characteristics of included studies.

Study, year	Groups, dosage (per day)	Size, population	Male	Age (years)	Location	Study design	Follow-up	Baseline CIMT (mm)	Final CIMT (mm)	Disease duration (years)
GLP-1 RA
Rizzo et al., 2012 [26]	Liraglutide 1.2 mg add on metformin 1500 mg	121 T2DM	59%		Italy	Uncontrolled clinical trial	18 months
Dejgaard et al., 2016 [16]	Liraglutide 1.8 mg; Placebo	50 T1DM; 50 T1DM	60%; 70%		Denmark	Randomized, double-blinded clinical trial	24 weeks	ND	0.01 (-0.01, 0.03)/
Nikolic, 2021 [13]	Liraglutide 1.2 mg add on metformin	62 T2DM	50%		Italy	Uncontrolled clinical trial	4 months
Patti et al., 2019 [22]	Semaglutide 0.50 mg/week add on routine treatment	40 T2DM	65%		Italy	Retrospective	4 months
Giglio, 2014 [11]	Liraglutide add on metformin 1500-3000 mg	29 T2DM + NAFLD; 29 T2DM	55%; 55%		Italy	Clinical trial	8 months
Patti, 2023 [21]	Exenatide LAR 2 mg/week add on metformin 1500-3000 mg	60 T2DM	68%		Italy	Uncontrolled clinical trial	8 months			9 ± 8
Hopkins, 2013 [17]	Exenatide 20 μg; Liraglutide 1.2 mg	9 T2DM + obesity; 2 T2DM + obesity	63.6%		United Kingdom	Uncontrolled clinical trial	6 months			8.3 ± 4.7
Kahal et al., 2015 [18]	Liraglutide 1.8 mg	13 PCOS; 12 controls	0%		United Kingdom	Clinical trial	6 months			ND
Köseoğlu, 2021 [19]	Exenatide 20 μg	45 T2DM + obesity	8.8%		Turkey	Uncontrolled clinical trial	6 months			ND
Zhang, 2022 [31]	Exenatide; Insulin	27 T2DM; 32 T2DM	70.0%; 43.7%		China	Randomized, open-label clinical trial	52 weeks	ND	-0.1; 0.02; (change from baseline)
Luna-Marco et al., 2023 [20]	GLP-1 RA; Non-GLP-1 RA; Control	59 T2DM; 196 T2DM; 175 Control	63%; 55%; 54%		Spain	Cross-sectional	ND	ND
Meng, 2023† [12]	Liraglutide; Metformin and sulfonylurea	38 T2DM; 40 T2DM	60.5%; 45%		China	Randomized clinical trial	16 weeks			0.5-16.0; 1.0-16.0
Patti et al., 2013 [23]	Liraglutide 1.2 mg add on metformin	64 T2DM	50%		Italy	Uncontrolled clinical trial	8 months
Ripa, 2021 [24]	Liraglutide 1.8 mg; Placebo	50 T2DM; 48 T2DM	88.2%; 80.4%		Denmark	Randomized, double-blinded clinical trial	26 weeks
Rizzo et al., 2012 [26]	Liraglutide 1.2 mg add on metformin 1500 mg	33 T2DM	58%		Italy	Uncontrolled clinical trial	4 months			ND
Sun, 2023 [28]	Liraglutide 1.2 mg; Lifestyle interventions	17 IGT + overweight; 22 IGT + overweight	35.3%; 31.9%		China	Randomized, double-blinded clinical trial	6 months			ND
Yoshida et al., 2018 [29]‡	Liraglutide 0.9 mg; Linagliptin	34 T2DM	23.5%		Japan	Clinical trial	3 years			ND
Yoshida et al., 2012 [30]	Exenatide 20 μg add on routine treatment; Routine treatment	56 T2DM; 50 T2DM	44.6%; 44.6%		Japan	Clinical trial	12 months			ND
SGLT2i
Irace et al., 2018 [32]	Empagliflozin; Incretin-based therapy	40 T2DM; 30 T2DM	75%; 80%		Italy	Prospective cohort	3 months
Kang, 2023 [33]	Ipragliflozin 50 mg; Sitagliptin 100 mg	70 T2DM; 70 T2DM	ND	ND	South Korea	Randomized, open-label clinical trial	24 weeks			ND
Katakami, 2022 [34]	Tofogliflozin 20 mg; Conventional therapy	169 T2DM; 171 T2DM	58.3%; 58.0%		Multicenter (Japan)	Randomized, open-label clinical trial	104 weeks
Korzh et al., 2020 [35]	Dapagliflozin 10 mg	35 T2DM	ND	ND	Ukraine	Clinical trial	12 weeks	ND	Decreased significantly from baseline	ND
Kourtidou, 2023 [36]	Empagliflozin/dapagliflozin; Standard care	15 T2DM; 25 T2DM	73.3%; 68%		Greece	Cross-sectional	years	ND	(no significant difference)
Lamaida, 2022 [37]	Dapagliflozin; Standard care	20 T2DM; 20 T2DM	ND		Italy	Clinical trial	2.0 years	ND	Decreased significantly from baseline	ND
Murakami and Mizuno, 2014 [38]	SGLT2i; Standard care	10 T2DM; 10 T2DM	ND	ND	ND	Randomized clinical trial	2 weeks			ND
Nomiyama et al., 2018 [39]	Ipragliflozin 50 mg	134 T2DM	52%		Japan	Clinical trial	52 weeks
Sakai, 2019 [40]	Empagliflozin 10-25 mg; Luseogliflozin 2.5-5 mg; Tofogliflozin 20 mg	59 HfpEF + T2DM; 63 HfpEF + T2DM; 62 HfpEF + T2DM	61.5%; 42.9%; 78.6%		Japan	Clinical trial	12 weeks			ND
Tanaka, 2023 [41]	Ipragliflozin 50 mg; Standard care	241 T2DM; 215 T2DM	69.4%; 67.2%	67 (60, 72); 68 (60, 73)	Multicenter (Japan)	Randomized, open-label clinical trial	24 months
Yamagishi et al., 2016 [42]	SGLT2i	31 T2DM + obesity	ND	53	Japan	Clinical trial	12 months			ND

Conference papers. †Chinese language. ‡Max MIT. Abbreviations: HfpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; PCOS: polycystic ovary syndrome; NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; IGT: impaired glucose tolerance; ND: not determined.